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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 12.
Published in final edited form as: Future Med Chem. 2009 Apr;1(1):95–118. doi: 10.4155/fmc.09.6

Table 6.

Hexasaccharides.

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Study Compound Assays* Activity Lit. no.‡ Ref.
Muller (1997) IG-47 Lipogenesis 15.5-fold stimulation,
EC50 = 1.0 μM		 PIG-P [37]
Muller (1998) 65–75% MIR, EC50 = 2–5 μM PIG-P [51]
Muller (2002) 22-fold stimulation at 10 μM YCN-PIG [48]
Muller (1997) GPAT 75–85% MIR, EC50 = 3–5 μM PIG-P [37]
Muller (1998) 85% MIR at 5 μM PIG-P [51]
Muller (1997) Glucose transport 15-fold increase,
EC50 = 1.0–1.5 μM		 PIG-P [37]
Kessler (1998) sixfold stimulation at 10 μM PIG-P [54]
Muller (1997) GLUT4 translocation 85% MIR, EC50 = 2–3 μM PIG-P [37]
Muller (1997) Glycogenesis 75–90% MIR, EC50 = 8–10 μM PIG-P [37]
Muller (2002) eightfold stimulation at 10 μM YCN-PIG [48]
Muller (1997) GS stimulation 2.8-fold stimulation,
EC50 = 8.0 μM		 PIG-P [37]
Muller (2002) fourfold stimulation at 10 μM YCN-PIG [48]
Muller (2002) Glycerol-3-phosphate
acyltransferase activity		 sixfold stimulation at 10 μM YCN-PIG [48]
Muller (1997) cAMP-dependent
protein kinase activity		 70% MIR, EC50 = 0.3–0.5 μM PIG-P [37]
Muller (1997) Lipolysis 70% inhibition,
EC50 = 0.5–0.8 μM		 PIG-P [37]
Muller (2002) 95% inhibition at 10 μM YCN-PIG [48]
Kessler (1998) PI-3 kinase activity 2.3-fold stimulation, 76% MIR PIG-P [54]
Muller (2002) Radiolabeled study with
hcDIGs of adipocyte
plasma membranes		 Specific interaction with hcDIGs,
Kd 30–100 nM,
Bmax = 5–10 pmol/mg hcDIGs		 YCN-PIG [74]
Muller (1998) Tyrosine
phosphorylation of
caveolin		 80% MIR at 10 μM,
EC50 = 1–2 μM		 PIG-P [51]
Kessler (1998) Tyrosine 2.3-fold stimulation, 44% MIR PIG-P [54]
Muller (2002) phosphorylation of IRS-1 24-fold stimulation at 5 nM YCN-PIG [48]
Frick (1998) IG-48 Lipogenesis Activity ‘A’§ 2 [45]
Frick (1999) 10% MIR, EC50 = 20 μM O [101]
Glucose transport 5% MIR, EC50 = 50 μM
Frick (1998) IG-49 Lipogenesis Activity ‘A’§ 3 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-50 Lipogenesis Activity ‘A’§ 4 [45]
Frick (1999) 18% MIR, EC50 = 20 μM 1 [101]
Glucose transport 14% MIR, EC50 = 50 μM
Frick (1998) IG-51 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 5 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-52 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 6 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-53 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 9 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-54 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 10 [45]
Frick (1999) 33% MIR, EC50 = 20 μM D [101]
Glucose transport 18% MIR, EC50 = 18 μM
Frick (1998) IG-55 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 11 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-56 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 14 [45]
Frick (1999) 48% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM R [101]
Glucose transport 19% MIR, EC50 = 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-57 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 15 [45]
Frick (1999) 50% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM S [101]
Glucose transport 34% MIR, EC50 = 20 μM
Frick (1998) IG-58 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 16 [45]
Frick (1999) 72% MIR, EC50 = 12 μM T [101]
Glucose transport 30% MIR, EC50 = 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-59 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 17 [45]
Frick (1999) 80% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM U [101]
Glucose transport 34% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM
Frick (1998) IG-60 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 18 [45]
Frick (1999) 83% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM V [101]
Glucose transport 48% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM
Frick (1998) IG-61 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 19 [45]
Frick (1999) 86% MIR, EC50 = 10 μM W [101]
Glucose transport 42% MIR, EC50 = 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-62 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 21 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-63 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 22 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-64 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 25 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-65 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 26 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-66 Lipogenesis Activity ‘B’§ 27 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-67 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 30 [45]
Frick (1999) 48% MIR, EC50 = 60 μM E [101]
Glucose transport 34% MIR, EC50 = 30 μM
Frick (1998) IG-68 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 31 [45]
Frick (1999) 53% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM F [101]
Glucose transport 26% MIR, EC50 = 25 μM
Frick (1998) IG-69 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’ § 32 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-70 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 33 [45]
Frick (1999) 59% MIR, EC50 = 7 μM A [101]
Glucose transport 28% MIR, EC50 = 8 μM
Frick (1998) IG-71 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 34 [45]
Frick (1999) 63% MIR, EC50 = 8 μM J [101]
Glucose transport 21% MIR, EC50 = 3 μM
Frick (1999) IG-72 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 35 [45]
Frick (1999) 64% MIR, EC50 = 7 μM C [101]
Glucose transport 29% MIR, EC50 = 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-73 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 36 [45]
Frick (1999) 72% MIR, EC50 = 8 μM K [101]
Glucose transport 23% MIR, EC50 = 15 μM
Frick (1998) IG-74 Lipogenesis 80% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 2.2 ± 0.2 μM		 37 [45]
Frick (1999) 77% MIR, EC50 = 8.2 μM B [101]
Frick (1998) GPAT 90% MIR, IC50 = 8.0 ± 1.1 μM 37 [45]
Glucose transport 90–95% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 8.3 ± 1.5 μM
Frick (1999) 41% MIR, EC50 = 8.1 μM B [101]
Frick (1998) GLUT4 translocation 50% MIR 37 [45]
Glycogenesis 65% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 7.1 ± 2.0 μM
Lipolysis 95% MIR, IC50 = 2.5 ± 0.5 μM
Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 65% MIR at 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-75 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 38 [45]
Frick (1999) 90% MIR, EC50 = 7 μM M [101]
Glucose transport 39% MIR, EC50 = 6 μM
Frick (1998) IG-76 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 39 [45]
Frick (1999) 84% MIR, EC50 = 7 μM L [101]
Glucose transport 36% MIR, EC50 = 8 μM
Frick (1998) IG-77 Lipogenesis Activity ‘D’§ 40 [45]
Frick (1998) IG-78 Lipogenesis 90% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 2.5 ± 0.9 μM		 41 [45]
Frick (1999) 96% MIR, EC50 = 3 μM N [101]
Frick (1998) GPAT 90% MIR, IC50 = 3.5 ± 0.8 μM 41 [45]
Frick (1999) Glucose transport 90–95% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 3.5 ± 0.6 μM
Frick (1998) 52% MIR, EC50 = 5 μM N [101]
GLUT4 translocation 50% MIR 41 [45]
Glycogenesis 70% MIR at 20 μM,
IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.5 μM
Lipolysis 95% MIR, IC50 = 1.6 ± 0.5 μM
Frick (1998) IG-79 Tyrosine
phosphorylation of IRS-1		 95% MIR at 10 μM 45 [45]
Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§
Tyrosine
phosphorylation of IRS-1		 55% MIR at 10 μM
Frick (1998) IG-80 Lipogenesis Activity ‘C’§ 46 [45]
*

Details of assays (in alphabetical order) are provided in the text.

‡

The number assigned to this compound in the cited publication.

§

Note: for Muller’s SAR study [45] aggregate activities were reported as follows: “A”, MIR < 20%; “B”, MIR 20–49%, EC20 25–200 μM; “C”, MIR 50–80%, EC50 10–100 μM; “D”, MIR > 80%, EC50 3–30 μM.

Lit. no.: Literacy number; MIR: Maximal insulin response.