Table 1.
Human TLRs and their cognate ligands.
| TLRs | Ligand |
|---|---|
| TLR1 | triacyl lipopeptides, modulin (bacteria) |
| Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (synthetic lipoprotein) | |
| TLR2 | peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, lipopeptides, atypical LPS, |
| lipoteichoic acid, phenol-soluble modulin (bacteria) | |
| zymozan, lipoarabinomannan (fungi) | |
| GPI anchors, glycolipids (protozoa) | |
| envelope protein (virus) | |
| Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (synthetic lipoprotein) | |
| TLR3 | dsRNA (virus) |
| mRNA (host) | |
| poly (I : C) (synthetic dsRNA) | |
| TLR4 | LPS, lipoteichoid acid, mannuronic acid polymers (bacteria) |
| mannan, glucoronoxylomannan (fungi) | |
| heat-shock protein 60, glycoinositolphospholipids (protozoa) | |
| envelope protein, F protein (virus) | |
| heat-shock protein 60, heat-shock protein 70, polysaccharide fragments of heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, fibrinogen, fibronectin DA domain (host) | |
| TLR5 | flagellin (bacteria) |
| TLR6 | diacyl lipopeptide, modulin, soluble tuberculosis factor (bacteria) |
| TLR7 | ssRNA (virus) |
| ssRNA (host) | |
| imidazoquinoline (synthetic antiviral compound) | |
| loxoribine (guanosine analog) | |
| TLR8 | ssRNA (virus) |
| ssRNA (host) | |
| TLR9 | unmethylated CpG DNA (bacteria, protozoa, virus) |
| hemozoin (protozoa) | |
| CpG-ODN (synthetic CpG-rich oligonucleotide) | |
| Chromatin-IgG complex (host) | |
| TLR10 | Unknown |