Fig. 4.

Displacements and orientation of body segments during simple and complex locomotion. A and B: vertical displacements of the general center of mass (GCM) (A) and the neck/head segment (B, as defined in Fig. 1B). C and D: vertical displacement (C) and horizontal velocity (D) of forelimb digits. E and F: averaged orientation angles of trunk (E) and neck/head (F) segments during simple and complex locomotion of cat KO. G and H: the same as E and F when averaged across 5 cats. Vertical dashed lines separate the swing and stance phases. SDs were similar across all tasks and for clarity are shown only for simple locomotion. Asterisk (*) indicates significant (P < 0.05, post hoc t-test) difference between simple and ladder-5 locomotion; + symbol indicates significant (P < 0.05, post hoc t-test) difference between simple locomotion and ladder-18 task.