Table 2.
Mechanical variables analyzed and corresponding F-values
| Hind Digits |
Tarsals |
Shank |
Thigh |
Fore Digits |
Carpals |
Forearm |
Arm |
Scapula |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | Trunk | H/N | GCM |
| X-D | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
| Y-D | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 5.0* | 4.6* | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 8.2* | 1.4 | 12.0* | 12.0* | 12.0* | 6.9* | 9.8* | 9.7* |
| X-V | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| Y-V | 3.5 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 5.6* | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 |
| X-A | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
| Y-A | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 2.7 | — |
| S Ang | 2.3 | 4.5* | 0.1 | 1.7 | 7.0* | 14.0* | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 9.4* | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 12.0* | — |
| S Ang V | 5.0* | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | — |
| S Ang A | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.5 | — |
| MTP |
Ankle |
Knee |
Hip |
MCP |
Wrist |
Elbow |
Shoulder |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L |
| J Ang | 14.0* | 9.4* | 6.6* | 6.7* | 2.2 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 8.0* | 14.0* | 7.6* | 5.9* | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| J Ang V | 2.4 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 |
| Hindlimb |
Forelimb |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | MTP | Ankle | Knee | Hip | MCP | Wrist | Elbow | Shoulder | Fx | Fy | Fx | Fy | |
| J Mom | 8.3* | 13.0* | 19.0* | 30.0* | 2.6 | 10.0* | 9.0* | 5.7* | G Force | 10.0* | 14.0* | 6.6* | 5.8* |
Mechanical variables: horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) displacements (D), velocities (V), and accelerations (A); segment angular orientation (S Ang), velocity (S Ang V), and acceleration (S Ang A); joint angle (J Ang), velocity (J Ang V), and moments (J Mom); and ground reaction force (G Force). H/N, head/neck. Asterisks (*) indicate significant F-values (P < 0.05) for accuracy effects computed using a two-way 3 × 10 [accuracy demand (simple, ladder-18, ladder-5) × cycle time (1, 2, …, 10)] repeated-measures ANOVA followed by a post hoc t-test. Otherwise, nonsignificant F-values are shown (P ≥ 0.05). Asterisks (*) in the last 3 rows indicate significant t-test values.