Table 2.
Included Studies with MMSE ≥24 (Subjects Not Cognitively Impaired)
| First Author (Reference) |
Year | N Tot. | N Inc. | N Exp. | N Con. | Age (Mean) |
ESs Outcomes | MMSE (Mean) |
Type of Intervention | Frequency (Sessions/week) |
Intensity (Minutes/Session) |
Duration | ES (Endurance) |
ES (Strength) |
Study QS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander NB | 2001 | 161 | 161 | 81 | 80 | 82 | Strength: Knee Extension | >23 | RCT: Task Exercises with Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 12 Weeks | N/A | 0,2 | 18 |
| Bean JF | 2004 | 21 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 78 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Leg Press | 29 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | 30 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,4 | 2,7 | 19 |
| Binder EF | 2004 | 90 | 90 | 46 | 44 | 80 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Ext. | >23* | RCT: Exercise Trining or Home-Based Exercise | 3 sessions/week | 45–90 min./session | 24 Weeks | 0,6 | 0,4 | 21 |
| Bunout D | 2004 | 101 | 42 | 16 | 26 | 74 | Endurance: Gait Distance Strength: Quadriceps Force | 26 | RCT: Resistance Training | 2 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 20 Weeks | 0,9 | 1,5 | 18 |
| Fahlman MM | 2002 | 45 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 83 | Endurance: 1 Mile Walk Strength: 1 RM Knee Ext. | >23 | RCT: Aerobic and Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | 50 min./session | 10 Weeks | 1,9 | 3,2 | 16 |
| Fielding RA | 2002 | 30 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 73 | Strength: 1 RM Knee Ext. | 29 | RCT: Strength Training Combined with Fast Concentric Exercises | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 16 Weeks | N/A | 1,9 | 15 |
| Gill TM | 2004 | 188 | 188 | 94 | 94 | 83 | Endurance: Gait Speed | 27 | RCT: Home-Based Physical Therapy Program | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 20 Weeks | 0,3 | N/A | 17 |
| Hauer K | 2002 | 28 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 81 | Endurance: Timed-up-and-go Strength: 1 RM Leg Press | 28 | RCT: Progressive Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | 25 min./session | 12 Weeks | 1,4 | 0,9 | 15 |
| Hauer K | 2001 | 57 | 57 | 31 | 26 | 82 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: 1 RM Leg Ext. | 27 | RCT: Strength & Functional \Training | 3 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 12 Weeks | 1,1 | 1,1 | 17 |
| Judge JO | 1994 | 110 | 54 | 27 | 27 | 80 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Extension | 28 | RCT: Lower Body Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | 45 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,2 | 1,9 | 19 |
| Latham NK | 2003 | 243 | 222 | 112 | 110 | 79 | Endurance: Gait Speed | 27 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Lower Body (Quadriceps) Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 10 Weeks | 0,3 | N/A | 23 |
| Liu-Ambrose T | 2004 | 98 | 64 | 32 | 32 | 79 | Strength:Quadriceps Strength | 28 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Resistance Training | 2 sessions/week | 50 min./session | 25 Weeks | N/A | 0,2 | 18 |
| Morgan RO | 2004 | 294 | 229 | 119 | 110 | 81 | Endurance: Gait Speed | >23 | RCT: Light Aerobic & Calisthenics Exercises | 45 min./session | 3 sessions/week | 8 Weeks | 0,1 | N/A | 18 |
| Nelson ME | 2004 | 72 | 70 | 32 | 38 | 77 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test Strength: 1 RM Knee Ext. | 28 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Progressive Strength and Balance Exercises | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 24 Weeks | 0,0 | 0,2 | 18 |
| Okumiya K | 1996 | 42 | 42 | 21 | 21 | 78 | Endurance: Timed-up-and-go | 28 | RCT: Light Aerobic & Calisthenics Exercises | 2 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 24 Weeks | 1,2 | N/A | 15 |
| Rubenstein LZ | 2000 | 59 | 59 | 31 | 28 | 75 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test Strength: Knee Ext. | 26 | RCT: Variable-Intensity Group Exercise Program | 3 sessions/week | 90 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,5 | 0,1 | 17 |
| Schoenfelder DP | 2000 | 16 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 83 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Ankle Strength | 26 | RCT: Ankle Strengthening Exercises & Walking | 3 sessions/week | 20 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,4 | 0,2 | 15 |
| Seynnes O | 2004 | 22 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 82 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test Strength: Leg Extension | >23* | RCT (Single-Blinded): Low-Dose vs High-Dose Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 10 Weeks | 0,9 | 2,1 | 17 |
| Toraman F | 2004 | 42 | 42 | 21 | 21 | 74 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test Strength: Arm Curl | 26* | RCT: Multicomponent Functional Fitness Training | 3 sessions/week | 70 min./session | 9 Weeks | 2,2 | 0,8 | 20 |
| Wolfson L | 1996 | 110 | 53 | 27 | 26 | 80 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Lower Extremity Isokinetic Strength | 28 | RCT: Balance, Tai Chi, and Strength Training | 3 sessions/week | 45–90 min./session | 24 Weeks | 0,2 | 0,4 | 20 |
Abbreviations: ES=Effect Size, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Exam, N/A = Not Applicable, N-Exp. = Number of Subjects in Experimental Group, N-Inc. = Number of Subjects Included from Study, N-Tot. = Total Number of Subjects, N-Con. = Number of Subjects in Control Group, QS = Quality Score, RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial;
*
= Mean MMSE Not Reported by the Author or Cognitive Assessment Evaluated with an Equivalent Tool to the MMSE