Table 3.
Included Studies with MMSE <24 (Subjects With Cognitive Impairment)
| First Author (Reference) |
Year | N Tot. | N Inc. | N Exp. | N Con. | Age? (Mean) |
ESs Outcomes (Mean) | MMSE | Type of Intervention | Frequency (Sessions/week) |
Intensity (Minutes/Session) |
Duration | ES (Endurance) |
ES (Strength) |
Study QS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alessi CA | 1999 | 29 | 29 | 15 | 14 | 88 | Endurance: Maximum Time Walked | 13 | RCT: Functional & Endurance Exercises | 5 sessions/week | 35–78 min./session | 14 Weeks | 0,4 | N/A | 17 |
| Alessi CA | 1995 | 65 | 65 | 33 | 32 | 85 | Endurance: Maximum Time Walked | 13 | RCT: Mobility & Endurance Exercises | 3–5 sessions/week | ≥60 min./session | 9 Weeks | 0,5 | N/A | 15 |
| Bastone AC | 2004 | 40 | 37 | 19 | 18 | 78 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Ext. | 19 | CT: Group Exercises (Strength & Mobility) | 2 sesseions/week | 60 min./session | 20 Weeks | 0,7 | 0,7 | 15 |
| Baum EE | 2003 | 20 | 20 | 11 | 9 | 88 | Endurance: Timed-up-and-go | 22 | RCT: Group Endurance Exercises | 3 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 20 Weeks | 0,5 | N/A | 16 |
| Buettner LL | 1994 | 36 | 34 | 18 | 16 | 83 | Strength: Grip Strength | 6 | RCT: Functional & Recreational Exercises | 6 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 8 Weeks | N/A | 0,7 | 20 |
| Chandler JM | 1998 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 78 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Ext. | 24 | RCT: Lower Body Resistance Training | 3 sessions/week | Not Specified | 10 Weeks | 0,5 | 0,4 | 19 |
| Fiatarone MA | 1994 | 100 | 51 | 25 | 26 | 87 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Ext. | 22 | RCT: High-Intensity Resistance Exercises | 3 sessions/week | 45 min./session | 10 Weeks | 0,6 | 1,0 | 19 |
| Lazowski DA | 1999 | 68 | 65 | 35 | 30 | 81 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Knee Extension | <24* | CT: Isotonic & Seateds Endurance Exercise | 3 sessions/week | 45 min./session | 16 Weeks | 0,5 | 0,7 | 19 |
| MacRae PG | 1996 | 37 | 31 | 19 | 12 | 91 | Endurance: Walking Time Strength: Grip Strength | 20 | CT: Mobility (Walk Endurance) | 5 sessions/week | 30 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,3 | 0,1 | 15 |
| McMurdo ME | 1994 | 65 | 65 | 36 | 29 | 83 | Strength: Quadriceps Max Contractile Force | 15 | RCT: Isotonic & Isometric Seated Exercises | 2 sesseions/week | 45 min./session | 24 Weeks | N/A | 0,6 | 19 |
| McMurdo ME | 1993 | 49 | 41 | 15 | 26 | 81 | Strength: Grip Strength | <24 | RCT: Isotonic & Endurance Seated Exercises | 2 sesseions/week | 45 min./session | 28 Weeks | N/A | 0,8 | 16 |
| Meuleman JR | 2000 | 78 | 58 | 26 | 32 | 75 | Endurance: 6-min Aerobics Strength: Isokinetic Strength | 23 | RCT: Resistance & Endurance Training | 5 sessions/week | 30 min./session | 8 Weeks | 0,5 | 0,6 | 17 |
| Morris JN | 1999 | 468 | 248 | 124 | 124 | 85 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test | <24 | RCT: Progressive Weight-Lifting, Walking, & Isotonic Exercises | 3 sessions/week | 60 min./session | 40 Weeks | 0,2 | N/A | 15 |
| Pomeroy VM | 1999 | 81 | 81 | 43 | 38 | 82 | Endurance: 2-min Walk Test | <24* | RCT (Single-Blinded): Mobility Training | 5 sessions/week | 30 min./session | 2 Weeks | 0,6 | N/A | 18 |
| Schnelle JF | 2002 | 190 | 148 | 74 | 74 | 88 | Endurance: Gait Distance Strength: Arm Curl | 13 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Functional Skills & Mobility Exercises | 5 sessions/week | ≥60 min./session | 32 Weeks | 0,1 | 0,6 | 20 |
| Schnelle JF | 1996 | 97 | 72 | 35 | 37 | 84 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Roe Time | 10 | RCT: Cardiovascular & Mobility Exercises | 3 sessions/week | 20–35 min./session | 9 Weeks | 0,5 | 0,8 | 18 |
| Schnelle JF | 1995 | 76 | 76 | 36 | 40 | 85 | Endurance: Walking Endurance (Distance) | 12 | RCT: Functional Skills & Mobility Exercises | 5 sessions/week | 30–55 min./session | 8 Weeks | 0,5 | N/A | 16 |
| Simmons SF | 2004 | 89 | 89 | 45 | 44 | 88 | Endurance: Gait Distance Strength: Bicep Curl | 12 | RCT: Functional Skills & Mobility Exercises | 5 sessions/week | Every 2 Hours | 32 Weeks | 0,3 | 0,5 | 19 |
| Stamford BA | 1974 | 17 | 17 | 9 | 8 | 68 | Endurance: Heart Rate | <24* | RCT: Cardiovascular & Mobility Traning | 5 sessions/week | 6–20 min./session | 12 Weeks | 1,0 | N/A | 18 |
| Tappen RM | 2000 | 65 | 45 | 23 | 22 | 87 | Endurance: 6-min Walk Test | 11 | RCT (Single-Blinded): Mobility Training | 3 sessions/week | 30 min./session | 16 Weeks | 0,5 | N/A | 18 |
| Worm CH | 2001 | 46 | 39 | 21 | 18 | 81 | Endurance: Gait Speed Strength: Shoulder Abduction | 24 | RCT: Aerobic/s Endurance & Balance/Strength Exercise | 2 sesseions/week | 60 min./session | 12 Weeks | 0,8 | 1,0 | 19 |
Abbreviations: ES=Effect Size, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Exam, N/A = Not Applicable, N-Exp. = Number of Subjects in Experimental Group, N-Inc. = Number of Subjects Included from Study, N-Tot. = Total Number of Subjects, N-Con. = Number of Subjects in Control Group, QS = Quality Score, RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial, CT = Controlled Trial;
*
= Mean MMSE Not Reported by the Author or Cognitive Assessment Evaluated with an Equivalent Tool to the MMSE