Table 3.

Proportional Hazard Models for First Observed Nursing Home Admission, Health and Retirement Study 1998–2006^a

	Husbands				Wives
	Model 1a		Model 2a		Model 1b		Model 2b
	Coefficient	Hazard ratio	Coefficient	Hazard ratio	Coefficient	Hazard ratio	Coefficient	Hazard ratio
Own characteristics
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Hispanic White	−1.105*	0.33	−1.105*	0.33	−0.972*	0.38	−0.982*	0.37
Black	−0.501†	0.61	−0.518*	0.60	−0.600†	0.55	−0.613*	0.54
Other	−0.563	0.57	−0.574	0.56	−0.951†	0.39	−0.896†	0.41
Education
Less than high school	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
High school	0.124	1.13	0.108	1.11	0.035	1.04	0.024	1.02
Some college	0.244	1.28	.226	1.25	−0.123	0.88	−0.129	0.88
College graduate	0.011	1.01	0.002	1.00	−0.111	0.89	−0.128	0.88
Poor self-reported health	0.323**	1.38	0.331**	1.39	0.132	1.14	0.136	1.15
Disability
0 ADL	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
1–2 ADL	0.832**	2.30	0.827**	2.29	0.909**	2.48	0.912**	2.49
3+ ADL	1.352**	3.87	1.363**	3.91	1.284**	3.61	1.276**	3.58
0 IADL	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
1–2 IADL	0.819**	2.27	0.806**	2.24	0.754**	2.13	0.762**	2.14
3+ IADL	1.208**	3.35	1.202**	3.33	1.286**	3.62	1.304**	3.68
Cognitive function
High	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	0.076	1.08	0.061	1.06	0.130	1.14	0.125	1.13
Low	0.451*	1.57	0.439*	1.55	0.514**	1.67	0.506**	1.66
Health Insurance coverage
Medicaid	0.104	1.11	0.076	1.08	−0.109	0.90	−0.117	0.89
Long-term care insurance	0.252	1.29	0.251	1.29	0.069	1.07	0.065	1.07
Couple's net worth
Low	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Middle	0.247†	1.28	0.245†	1.28	−0.212	0.81	−0.207	0.81
High	0.112	1.12	0.106	1.11	−0.078	0.92	−0.065	0.94
Prior nursing home use	0.336	1.40	0.359	1.43	0.357	1.43	0.363	1.44
Spousal characteristics
Age	0.083**	1.09	0.082**	1.09	0.015	1.01	0.014	1.01
Poor self-reported health	−0.138	0.87	−0.144	0.87	0.008	1.01	0.007	1.01
Disability
0 ADL	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
1–2 ADL	0.072	1.07	0.073	1.08	−0.410†	0.66	−0.412*	0.66
3+ ADL	−0.080	0.92	−0.079	0.92	−0.090	0.91	−0.104	0.90
0 IADL	−	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
1–2 IADL	−0.037	0.96	−0.025	0.98	0.129	1.14	0.136	1.15
3+ IADL	0.299	1.35	0.311	1.36	0.011	1.01	0.013	1.01
Cognitive function
High	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moderate	0.283†	1.33	0.287†	1.33	0.161	1.17	0.164	1.18
Low	0.314	1.37	0.318	1.37	0.358	1.43	0.362	1.44
Family composition
Number of children	−0.018	0.98	0.005	1.00	−0.057*	0.94	−0.028	0.97
Spousal death	0.689**	1.99	1.201**	3.32	0.421†	1.52	0.693*	2.00
Interaction
Number of children × spousal death			−0.208*	0.81			−0.107	0.90
F-statistic	28.35**		27.70**		20.47**		18.85**

Notes: ^aThe proportional hazards models were corrected for left truncation. Race/ethnicity, education and prior nursing home use are fixed characteristics measured in 1998. All other variables are time-varying. ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.

^†p ≤ .10; *p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01. (two-tailed).