. 2010 May;100(5):877–887. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177345

TABLE 2.

Characteristics of Asian/Pacific Islander Mothers by Multiple-Race/Ethnicity Status: California and Hawaii, 2003–2005

	CA Resident, No.	HI Resident, No.	ForeignBorn, %	Maternal Age < 20 y, %	Maternal Age ≥ 35 y, %	Maternal Education < High School, %	Maternal Education ≥ College, %	Unmarried, %	Early Prenatal Care, %	Tobacco Use,^a	LBW, %	PTB,^b %
Single-race non-Hispanic White	455 369	9320	11.3	4.8	23.3	6.6	43.1	20.5	90.4	3.6	4.1	7.5
Asian
Asian Indian
Asian Indian only	24 356	68	95.8^c ^d	0.4^c ^d	11.6^c ^d	3.3^d	67.8^c ^d	2.2^c ^d	92.4^c ^d	NA^e	7.1^d	7.1^d
Asian Indian in combination^f	497	48	57.7^d	5.9	19.8	4.7	51.5^d	16.9^d	89.1	NA^e	7.3^d	9.3
Cambodian
Cambodian only	4 169	20	80.6^c ^d	13.3^d	12.9^c ^d	29.0^c ^d	12.8^c ^d	47.1^d	78.2^d	NA^e	8.8^d	14.0^d
Cambodian in combination^f	321	4	66.2^d	14.2^d	5.5^d	19.8^d	20.4^d	46.5^d	81.5^d	NA^e	7.7^d	12.5^d
Chinese
Chinese only	36 874	1242	87.9^c ^d	0.5^c ^d	33.5^c ^d	6.2^c ^d	66.2^c ^d	6.3^c ^d	93.0^c ^d	0.2^c ^d	4.5^c ^d	6.5^c ^d
Chinese in combination^f	3258	9046	15.8^d	10.9^d	15.3^d	9.7^d	28.1^d	41.8^d	83.0^d	10.0^d	6.4^d	11.0^d
Filipino
Filipino only	44 043	7797	77.4^c ^d	3.8^c ^d	23.6^c	4.6^c ^d	41.8^c ^d	21.4^c ^d	87.2^c ^d	2.4^c ^d	7.6^d	11.2^c ^d
Filipino in combination^f	5 927	7934	11.7	14.6^d	10.0^d	12.1^d	17.5^d	49.1^d	82.1^d	10.8^d	7.1^d	11.8^d
Hmong
Hmong only	5 551	1	66.8^d	21.0^d	9.1^d	29.6^d	10.1^d	31.1^d	62.0^d	NA^e	5.4^d	10.8^d
Hmong in combination^f	37	0	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Indonesian
Indonesian only	912	25	93.0^d	1.0^d	23.7	2.9^d	51.3^d	7.8^d	89.5	NA^e	4.4	9.6^d
Indonesian in combination^f	237	29	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Japanese
Japanese only	7 614	4046	52.8^c ^d	0.9^c ^d	39.9^c ^d	1.0^c ^d	59.8^c ^d	7.9^c ^d	93.0^c ^d	3.2^c	6.1^d	7.9^c
Japanese in combination^f	2 868	5654	7.5^d	10.1^d	19.0^d	7.6^d	33.5^d	38.1^d	85.0^d	8.8^d	6.4^d	10.4^d
Korean
Korean only	14 756	732	93.5^c ^d	0.4^c ^d	23.0^c	0.7^c ^d	71.2^c ^d	3.9^c ^d	93.2^c ^d	4.2^c	3.4^d	5.6^c ^d
Korean in combination^f	969	1013	22.1^d	8.7^d	16.9^d	6.4	34.6^d	34.4^d	85.2^d	7.8^d	4.2	8.7^d
Laotian
Laotian only	2 210	108	76.2^d	12.7^d	9.2^d	24.3^d	12.6^d	49.7^d	75.8^d	NA^e	9.2^d	13.7^d
Laotian in combination^f	205	43	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Pakistani
Pakistani only	1 726	8	92.1^d	3.0^d	12.9^d	16.1^d	37.9^d	2.2^d	85.0^d	NA^e	7.6^d	9.1^d
Pakistani in combination^f	112	0	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Thai
Thai only	1 200	112	88.6^c ^d	2.7^c ^d	23.2^c	9.1^d	48.5^c ^d	21.5^c	87.3^c ^d	NA^e	4.8^c	9.4^d
Thai in combination^f	431	107	46.4^d	7.6^d	8.9^d	10.3^d	28.7^d	38.7^d	82.4^d	NA^e	8.4^d	11.8^d
Vietnamese
Vietnamese only	25 818	439	97.0^c ^d	1.3^c ^d	23.6^c	13.1^c ^d	36.0^c ^d	12.3^c ^d	89.6^d	1.4^d	5.1^d	8.1^d
Vietnamese in combination^f	1 201	104	78.1^d	4.3	19.7^d	9.7^d	43.4	20.7	89.9	NA^e	4.8	8.3
Pacific Islander
Native Hawaiian
Native Hawaiian only	716	832	1.0^d	10.7^c ^d	12.0^c ^d	13.8^d	15.1^d	48.6^c ^d	75.1^c ^d	13.3^d	5.6^d	11.1^d
Native Hawaiian in combination^f	1 541	13 716	1.3^d	15.1^d	10.2^d	13.5^d	13.4^d	54.4^d	78.3^d	12.0^d	6.6^d	11.9^d
Guamanian
Guamanian only	716	88	60.8^c ^d	9.5^c ^d	12.2^d	14.6^d	15.3^d	48.0^d	76.9^d	NA^e	6.0^d	11.8^d
Guamanian in combination^f	425	177	23.3^d	15.1^d	9.8^d	14.1^d	17.7^d	49.3^d	79.1^d	NA^e	6.0^d	11.7^d
Marshallese
Marshallese only	58	798	97.1^d	13.7^d	4.2^d	43.5^d	1.3^d	72.0^d	48.4^d	4.5	8.4^d	18.8^d
Marshallese in combination^f	1	81	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e
Samoan
Samoan only	2 159	1171	48.3^c ^d	8.7^c ^d	12.7^c ^d	12.2^c ^d	5.3^c ^d	39.1^c ^d	69.7^c ^d	14.4^d	4.2^c	12.0^d
Samoan in combination^f	434	1056	16.5^d	16.9^d	7.1^d	15.0^d	10.3^d	52.2^d	74.8^d	12.9^d	5.5^d	10.7^d
Tongan
Tongan only	1 013	321	65.9^d	7.4^d	18.1^d	14.2^d	9.8^d	17.7^d	62.7^d	5.0	5.0	10.8^d
Tongan in combination^f	113	147	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e	NA^e

Note. LBW = low birthweight; PTB = preterm birth; NA = not applicable.

Tobacco use is only available on Hawaii birth certificates.

PTB excludes cases of missing data on gestational age, 4.6%.

Different from racial/ethnic group in combination; P < .05.

Different from single-race non-Hispanic White; P < .05.

Total number of mothers less than 300.

In combination with one or more other race/ethnicity; not mutually exclusive of other “in combination” subgroups.