Table 1.

Baseline Clinical Characteristics of study subgroups and overall population

	Paroxysmal AF (n = 10)	Persistent AF (n=20)	All Patients (n=30)
Age, y	61 ± 8	61 ± 9	61 ± 9
Men/women	9/1	20/0	29/1
Left Atrial Diameter, mm	41 ± 5†	48 ± 5	45 ± 6
Left ventricular ejection Fraction, %	58 ± 8	54 ± 12	55 ± 10
Coronary artery disease, n	3	6	9
Hypertension, n	7	12	19
Diabetes, n	5	4	9
Medication Use, %
Beta-adrenergic blocker	50	75	67
ACE inhibitor/ARB	60	65	63
Calcium-channel blocker	40	35	37
Digoxin	40	35	37
Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs	10	15	13
Amiodarone	10	10	10
Left Atrial Cycle Length, ms
Intra-Atrial	206 ± 41†	162 ± 16	176 ± 34
Surface elecrtrocardiogram	216 ± 44	162 + 19	180 ± 38
Coronary Sinus Cycle Length, ms
Intra-Atrial	207 ± 43†	160 ± 14	177 ± 35
Surface ECG	214 ± 37	161 + 15	180 ± 36
Right Atrium Cycle Length, ms
Intra-Atrial	206 ± 42*	170 ± 19	183 ± 33
Surface ECG	209 ± 43	164 + 21	179 ± 37

Unless specified otherwise, values are means ± SD

ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker

^†p<0.005

^*p<0.02 vs. persistent AF