Table 2.
Characteristics by Level of Emergency Medical Service Response
| ALS* | +ALS * | BLS + ALS* | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1,553 | 359 | 402 | |
| Age, y, mean (+/− SEM) | 42.5 (0.5) | 41.8 (1.1) | 42.6 (1.1) | 0.83 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 1102 (70.1) | 246 (68.5) | 290 (72.1) | 0.53 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
| White | 980 (76.9) | 228 (72.4) | 269 (85.1) | |
| African American | 174 (13.7) | 57 (18.1) | 30 (9.5) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 100 (7.9) | 27 (8.6) | 13 (4.1) | |
| Other | 20 (1.5) | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.3) | |
| Mechanism of injury, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Knife | 133 (8.6) | 29 (8.1) | 9 (2.2) | |
| Gunshot | 141 (9.1) | 16 (4.5) | 6 (1.5) | |
| MVC, MCC, pedestrian versus car | 629 (40.5) | 168 (46.8) | 216 (53.7) | |
| Other | 650 (41.8) | 146 (40.7) | 171 (42.5) | |
| ISS, mean (+/− SEM) | 14.1 (0.3) | 13.8 (0.7) | 14.3 (0.6) | 0.11 |
| Maximum AIS, mean (+/− SEM) | 3.0 (0.0) | 2.9 (0.0) | 3.0 (0.0) | 0.40 |
| Scene GCS, mean (+/− SEM) | 12.6 (0.1) | 12.7 (0.2) | 13.2 (0.2) | 0.39 |
| Scene shock, n (%) | 95 (7.3) | 32 (10.5) | 37 (10.5) | 0.06 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 166 (10.7) | 32 (8.9) | 24 (6.0) | 0.02 |
*
ALS, patients for whom advance life support (ALS) was initially dispatched; +ALS, patients for whom dispatch upgraded to ALS before basic life support (BLS) arrived on the scene; BLS + ALS, patients for whom BLS arrived on the scene and requested ALS assistance. MVC, motor vehicle collision; MCC, motorcycle collision; ISS, Injury Severity Score; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Score; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score.