Figure 5.

For R_d = 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0, ε₀ = −0.20, (a) steady-state value of ${\widehat{c}}_{\mathit{\text{avg}}}^f\left(\widehat{t}\right)/{\kappa }^f{\widehat{c}}^{f^{*}}$ (averaged over a loading cycle) as t̂→∞, and (b) time t_e when ${\widehat{c}}_{\mathit{\text{avg}}}^f\left({\widehat{t}}_e\right)/{\kappa }^f{\widehat{c}}^{f^{*}}=1-e^{-1}$, as a function of R_g and f̂. In the absence of dynamic loading, ${\widehat{c}}_{\mathit{\text{avg}}}^f(\infty )/{\kappa }^f{\widehat{c}}^{f^{*}}=1$ and t̂_e = 0.111 for all values of R_g.