Table 2.

Aggregate modulus (H_A) and hydraulic permeability (k) for human and bovine articular cartilage and tissue engineered constructs. Values of R_g are given for a range of typical small (D = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s) and large (D = 1 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s) solutes. PFG – patellar femoral groove, LFC – lateral femoral condyle.

Matrix	Description	HA (MPa)	k (× 10−15, m4/Ns)	Rg	Ref
Cartilage	Human, young, LFC	0.7	1.18	0.83 – 82.6	[90]
Cartilage	Human, PFG	0.53	2.17	1.15 – 115	[90]
Cartilage	Human, Patellar	0.78	0.47	0.37 – 36.7	[90]
Cartilage	Bovine, LFC, 18–24 mos.	0.89	0.43	0.38 – 38.3	[90]
Cartilage	Bovine, PFG, 18–24 mos.	0.47	1.42	0.67 – 66.7	[90]
Cartilage	Bovine	0.7	7.60	5.32 – 532	[34]
Cartilage	Bovine, fetal	0.11	0.65	0.07 – 7.11	[91]
Cartilage	Bovine, calf	0.27	0.25	0.07 – 6.78	[91]
Cartilage	Bovine, adult	0.31	1.20	0.37 – 37.2	[91]
Cartilage	Bovine, calf	0.47	3.50	1.65 – 165	[61], via [18]
Cartilage	Bovine	0.949	2.72	9.24 – 924	[92]
Agarose	2%, acellular	0.0087	280	2.44 – 244	[63]
Agarose	2%, acellular	0.0131	51.4	0.67 – 67.3	[28]
Agarose	3%, acellular	0.0177	36.9	0.65 – 65.3	[28]
Agarose	2%, day 35, 10–20 million cells/ml, free swelling culture	0.103	4.15	0.43 – 42.8	[28]
PGA	3 mos. culture, rotating wall vessel, 120 million cells/ml	0.108	8.25	0.89 – 89.1	[92]
PGA	7 mos. culture, rotating wall vessel, 120 million cells/ml	0.932	3.72	3.47 – 347	[92]
Alginate	2%, day 0, 50 million cells/ml	0.005	4100	20.5 – 2050	[93]
Alginate	2%, 30 wks. subcutaneous culture, 50 million cells/ml	0.14	66	9.24 – 924	[93]