Table 1.
Summary of Studies Included in Review
| Study | Goals | Procedures | Results |
| Riordan et al. (1980) | Increase variety and quantity of foods consumed | DRA + demand fading | Contingent access to preferred foods (without EE) resulted in an increase in bite acceptance of non-preferred foods, and demand fading resulted in an increase in the total volume of oral intake |
| Riordan et al. (1984) | Increase variety of foods consumed | DRA | Contingent access to preferred foods and ignoring disruptive mealtime behavior (without EE) resulted in increased acceptance of non-preferred foods for the participants who exhibited food selectivity |
| Cooper et al. (1999) | Increase variety and quantity of foods consumed | DRA with/without EE (NRS) | Increasing the quantity of contingent access to preferred foods (without EE) resulted in increased acceptance for the participant who exhibited food selectivity |
| Levin & Carr (2001) | Increase variety of foods consumed | DRA, MO analysis (i.e., satiation/deprivation of reinforcers) | Availability of preferred foods prior to treatment meals influenced the effectiveness of contingent access to preferred foods for acceptance of non-preferred foods |
| Brown et al. (2002) | Increase variety of foods consumed | DRA | Contingent access to preferred foods in a preferred format/flavor was effective in increasing acceptance of the same foods in a non-preferred format/flavor |
| Piazza et al. (2002) | Increase variety of foods consumed | simultaneous vs. sequential presentation with/without EE | Simultaneous presentation of preferred and non-preferred foods (without EE) resulted in immediate increases in acceptance of non-preferred foods for 2 participants; for the third participant increases in consumption occurred with the simultaneous presentation when EE was added |
| Ahearn (2003) | Increase variety of foods consumed | simultaneous presentation | Simultaneous presentation of preferred (condiments) and non-preferred foods (vegetables) resulted in increased acceptance of non-preferred foods (without EE) |
| Buckley & Newchok (2005) | Increase variety of foods consumed | simultaneous presentation with/without DRA + RC | Simultaneous presentation alone was effective in reducing packing of non-preferred foods and thus increasing the variety of foods consumed |
| Luiselli et al. (2005) | Increase variety of liquids consumed | stimulus fading (liquid concentration) | Fading the concentration of a milk/formula concentration resulted in increased consumption of 100% milk (without EE) |
| Wilder et al. (2005) | Increase quantity of foods consumed | NCR | NCR resulted in a decrease in self-injury and an increase in bite acceptance |
| Tiger & Hanley (2006) | Increase variety of liquids consumed | stimulus fading (liquid concentration) | Results suggested that gradually decreasing the amount of chocolate mixed with milk resulted in increased milk drinking |
| Patel et al. (2007) | Increase variety and quantity of foods consumed | High-p | Results suggested that bite acceptance increased in the presence of and not the absence of the high-p instructional sequence (i.e., three presentations of an empty spoon) |
DRA = differential positive reinforcement of alternative behavior; EE = escape extinction; High-p = high-probability instructional sequence; MO = motivating operations; NCR = noncontingent reinforcement; NRS = nonremoval of the spoon; RC = response cost