Table 2.

Selected studies presenting the association between migraine and depression¹⁰⁰

Study	Method	Migraine and depression OR, 95% CI	Bidirectional relationship OR, 95% CI
Longitudinal studies
48	IHS migraine criteria	Not assessed	New-onset migraine 3.5, 2.2–5.6
			New-onset depression 3.6, 2.6–5.2
29	IHS migraine criteria	3.5, 2.6–4.6	New-onset migraine 2.8, 2.2–3.5
			New-onset depression 2.4, 1.8–3.0
131	IHS migraine criteria	Not assessed	New-onset migraine 3.4, 1.4–8.7
			New-onset depression 5.8, 2.7–12.3
Cross-sectional studies
81	Diagnosis by neurologist	2.2, 1.1–4.8	Not assessed
29	IHS migraine criteria	3.5, 2.6–4.6	New-onset migraine 2.8, 2.2–3.5
			New-onset depression 2.4, 1.8–3.0
113	IHS migraine criteria	3.1, 2.0–4.4	New-onset migraine 0.68, 0.02–2.0
132	IHS migraine criteria	2.7, 2.3–3.2	Not assessed
133	Diagnosis by neurologist	2.8, 2.2–3.7	Not assessed
134	IHS migraine criteria	Strict migraine 2.7, 2.2–3.3	Not assessed
		Probable migraine 1.9, 1.5–2.4

Abbreviation: HIS, International Heachache Society.