Table.
Determinants of car travel versus walking on daily journeys to and from primary school
| Variable | No (%) of pupils | Journey to school
|
Journey from school
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) | Multivariate odds ratio (95% CI)* | Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) | Multivariate odds ratio (95% CI)* | |||
| Distance to school (n=2028)†: | ||||||
| <0.5 miles | 1168 (58) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 0.5-<1 miles | 461 (23) | 3.5 (2.6 to 4.8) | 4.9 (3.4 to 7.2) | 3.0 (2.2 to 4.1) | 3.9 (2.8 to 5.5) | |
| 1-2 miles | 206 (10) | 22.2 (14.2 to 34.5) | 37.2 (19.6 to 70.8) | 11.7 (7.7 to 17.7) | 11.1 (6.8 to 18.1) | |
| >2 miles | 179 (9) | 192.2 (65.1 to 567.0) | 82.1 (28.1 to 239.8) | 134.9 (50.2 to 362.9) | 59.8 (22.5 to 158.8) | |
| Not known | 14 (1) | 0.9 (0.1 to 7.6) | 1.3 (0.1 to 20.0) | 0.6 (0.1 to 6.1) | 0.5 (0 to 10.5) | |
| Type of school (n=2086): | ||||||
| Local authority | 1290 (62) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Church of England | 315 (15) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.8) | 1.6 (0.99 to 2.6) | |
| Roman Catholic | 270 (13) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.7) | 1.7 (0.95 to 3.2) | 4.1 (2.3 to 7.2) | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.7) | |
| Independent | 211 (10) | 19.7 (7.8 to 49.5) | 6.7 (2.8 to 15.8) | 83.9 (33.0 to 213.6) | 14.1 (6.6 to 30.1) | |
| Car ownership (n=1979): | ||||||
| None | 764 (39) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| One | 937 (47) | 29.7 (15.5 to 56.7) | 58.3 (24.0 to 141.7) | 15.8 (9.7 to 25.7) | 17.2 (10.0 to 29.8) | |
| Two or more | 278 (14) | 66.0 (32.3 to 134.8) | 143.6 (53.5 to 385.5) | 30.3 (17.1 to 53.6) | 30.3 (15.5 to 59.1) | |
| Mother in paid work out of home (n=1926): | ||||||
| No | 1001 (52) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | |
| Yes | 901 (47) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.7) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.5) | — | |
| Not living with child | 24 (1) | 2.3 (0.8 to 6.7) | 2.2 (0.3 to 13.7) | 2.7 (0.9 to 8.3) | — | |
| Father in paid work out of home (n=1963): | ||||||
| No | 392 (20) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Part time | 140 (7) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) | 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.2) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.8) | |
| Full time | 863 (44) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | |
| Not living with child | 288 (15) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) | |
| Not specified | 280 (14) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.3) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | |
| Attends play scheme after school (n=2035): | ||||||
| No | 1714 (84) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 321 (16) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | — | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.4) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | |
| Child allowed out without an adult (n=2023): | ||||||
| Often or sometimes | 786 (39) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Rarely or never | 1237 (61) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.5) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.3) | |
| Parents worried about abduction or molestation (n=1949): | ||||||
| Not at all | 31 (2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | |
| Not very | 162 (8) | 4.3 (0.7 to 25.3) | 5.4 (0.7 to 43.2) | 5.2 (0.9 to 29.4) | — | |
| Quite | 484 (25) | 4.1 (0.7 to 23.3) | 4.6 (0.8 to 24.9) | |||
| Very | 1272 (65) | 4.6 (0.8 to 25.8) | 4.5 (0.8 to 24.3) | |||
| Parents worried about child becoming lost (n=1965): | ||||||
| Not at all | 262 (13) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Not very | 525 (27) | 2.4 (1.5 to 3.6) | 1.7 (0.96 to 2.9) | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.1) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | |
| Quite | 427 (22) | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.2) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.0) | |||
| Very | 751 (38) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | |||
| Parents worried about traffic danger (n=2001): | ||||||
| Not at all or not very | 214 (11) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Quite or very | 1787 (89) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | — | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | — | |
| Borough (n=2086): | ||||||
| Camden | 1014 (49) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Islington | 1072 (51) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.4) | |
| Ethnicity (n=2015): | ||||||
| White | 1183 (59) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | — | |
| Black | 332 (16) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.9 (1.1 to 3.2) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | — | |
| Asian | 279 (14) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | — | |
| Other | 221 (11) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | — | |
| Year in school (n=2086): | ||||||
| Year 5 | 1005 (48) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Year 2 | 1081 (52) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) | — | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | — | |
| Housing (n=1921): | ||||||
| Rented or housing association | 1338 (70) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Owner occupied | 583 (30) | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.9) | — | 2.4 (1.8 to 3.2) | — | |
| Bicycle ownership (n=2008): | ||||||
| No | 558 (28) | 1.0 | — | 1.0 | — | |
| Yes | 1450 (72) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.9) | — | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | — | |
*
Based on complete cases (n=1629 for journey to school, n=1695 for journey from school) adjusted for cluster sampling and covariates. Models include variables with odds ratios shown.
†
Respondents were offered mileage categories or, if unknown, were asked to estimate total minutes required to walk to school with their child. These estimates were categorised into estimated distances: <15 minutes=⩽0.5 miles, 15-29 minutes=0.5-<1 mile, 30-59 minutes=1-2 miles, ⩾60 minutes=>2 miles.