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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Eye Res. 2010 Feb 4;90(5):555–563. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.01.012

Fig 7. The Role of AR in inflammatory signaling in hNPECs.

Fig 7

The bacterial endotoxin such as LPS is known to induce ROS formation and oxidative stress in cells leading to oxidization of membrane lipids into lipid aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), which readily reacts with glutathione and to form GS-HNE. AR catalyzed reduction product, GS-DHN, could activate transcription factor NF-κB via activation of protein kinase cascade which transcribe various inflammatory marker genes such as COX-2 and iNOS leading to ocular inflammation. Further, protein kinases such as MAPK have also shown to negatively regulate Na/K-ATPase leading to AqH imbalance.