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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 19.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2010 Feb 21;167(3):880–893. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.011

Figure 1. Non-classical opioid induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by (+)-morphine and (+)-methadone from lumbar dorsal spinal cord in vitro.

Figure 1

(+)-Morphine and (+)-methadone induce significant increases in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release were quantified in the supernatants from lumbar dorsal spinal cord sections incubated for 180 min in vitro with 100 µM of each drug compared to media alone (* P < 0.05). n=6 per treatment.