Table 1.
Prevalence of health disorders and mean WHODAS 2.0 scores by site
| Cuba (n=2937) | Dominican Republic (n=2001) | Urban Peru (n=1380) | Rural Peru (n=552) | Venezuela (n=1947) | Urban Mexico (n=1002) | Rural Mexico (n=1000) | Urban China (n=1160) | Rural China (n=1002) | Urban India (n=1001) | Rural India (n=999) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health disorders | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 72·9% (71·3–74·6) | 75·4% (73·4–77·3) | 52·3% (49·6–54·9) | 41·3% (37·2–45·5) | 72·1% (70·0–74·0) | 67·1% (64·2–69·9) | 54·4% (51·3–57·6) | 62·6% (59·8–65·3) | 49·9% (46·5–53·3) | 59·5% (56·4–62·6) | 28·5% (25·7–31·4) |
| Eyesight problems | 29·3% (27·6–31·0) | 39·6% (37·4–41·8) | 32·9% (30·4–35·5) | 35·6% (31·4–39·7) | 39·6% (37·3–41·9) | 28·4% (25·5–31·3) | 35·7% (32·6–38·8) | 16·7% (14·5–18·9) | 6·5% (4·8–8·1) | 8·8% (7·1–10·6) | 22·1% (19·6–24·6) |
| Arthritis or rheumatism | 21·5% (19·9–23·1) | 36·7% (34·6–38·8) | 15·3% (13·4–17·3) | 6·7% (4·6–8·8) | 24·3% (22·3–26·4) | 14·5% (12·3–16·8) | 22·3% (19·7–24·9) | 14·2% (12·2–16·3) | 1·9% (1·1–2·8) | 18·2% (15·7–20·5) | 51·1% (47·9–54·2) |
| Diabetes | 15·8% (17·1–19·9) | 14·0% (12·4–15·5) | 8·7% (7·2–10·2) | 9·8% (7·3–12·3) | 16·2% (14·4–17·7) | 24·5% (21·9–27·2) | 18·9% (16·4–21·4) | 16·8% (14·7–18·9) | 1·0% (0·3–1·5) | 12·1% (10·0–14·1) | 6·6% (5·0–8·2) |
| Hearing difficulties | 9·9% (8·9–11·01) | 12·7% (11·2–14·2) | 21·6% (19·4–23·8) | 15·8% (12·6–18·9) | 14·5% (12·9–16·1) | 19·7% (17·2–22·3) | 22·9% (20·3–25·5) | 12·3% (10·3–14·2) | 8·6% (6·8–10·4) | 3·1% (1·9–4·2) | 14·2% (12·1–16·4) |
| Dementia | 10·9% (9·8–12·1) | 12·0% (10·6–13·5) | 9·4% (7·7–11·1) | 6·5% (4·5–8·6) | 7·4% (6·2–8·5) | 9·3% (7·4–11·1) | 8·7% (6·9–10·5) | 7·3% (5·7–8·7) | 5·6% (4·2–7·0) | 7·5% (5·8–9·2) | 10·8% (8·8–12·8) |
| Stroke | 7·8% (6·8–8·8) | 8·7% (7·5–9·9) | 8·2% (6·7–9·6) | 3·6% (2·1–5·2) | 7·1% (5·8–8·2) | 6·7% (5·2–8·2) | 7·4% (5·7–9·1) | 9·4% (7·7–11·1) | 1·8% (0·9–2·6) | 1·9% (1·1–2·8) | 1·1% (0·4–1·7) |
| Stomach or intestine problems | 8·7% (7·7–9·8) | 19·3% (17·6–21·1) | 17·6% (15·5–19·7) | 5·8% (3·8–7·7) | 18·8% (17·1–20·7) | 12·6% (10·6–14·7) | 17·5% (15·2–19·9) | 5·7% (4·4–7·2) | 1·2% (0·5–1·8) | 2·3% (1·4–3·2) | 5·0% (3·6–6·4) |
| Heart problems | 8·1% (7·2–9·1) | 4·6% (3·7–5·5) | 3·9% (2·8–4·9) | 2·5% (1·2–3·8) | 9·6% (8·3–10·9) | 3·9% (2·7–5·1) | 2·3% (1·4–3·2) | 28·4% (25·7–31·0) | 3·1% (2·1–4·2) | 1·8% (0·9–2·6) | 0·5% (0·1–0·9) |
| Myocardial infarction or angina | 14·2% (12·8–15·4) | 2·9% (2·3–3·7) | 6·6% (5·2–7·9) | 4·4% (2·7–6·1) | 6·2% (5·1–7·3) | 3·8% (2·7–5·1) | 1·5% (0·7–2·3) | 9·9% (8·2–11·7) | 1·2% (0·5–1·8) | 4·8% (3·5–6·3) | 2·8% (1·7–3·8) |
| Difficulty breathing or asthma | 7·1% (6·1–7·9) | 9·5% (8·2–10·8) | 4·9% (3·7–6·1) | 4·2% (2·5–5·8) | 9·1% (7·7–10·3) | 5·3% (3·9–6·6) | 5·4% (3·9–6·8) | 4·5% (3·3–5·6) | 1·9% (1·1–2·7) | 5·7% (4·3–7·1) | 10·7% (8·8–12·6) |
| Depression | 4·9% (4·1–5·7) | 13·8% (12·3–15·4) | 6·3% (4·9–7·6) | 2·9% (1·5–4·3) | 5·4% (4·5–6·4) | 4·7% (3·4–5·9) | 4·5% (3·2–5·8) | 0·3% (0·0–0·5) | 0·7% (0·2–1·2) | 3·8% (2·7–5·1) | 12·6% (10·5–14·7) |
| Paralysis or weakness of limb(s) | 2·8% (2·2–3·4) | 5·1% (4·2–6·1) | 3·2% (2·2–4·1) | 1·3% (0·3–2·2) | 9·1% (7·7–10·3) | 3·4% (2·3–4·5) | 2·5% (1·5–3·5) | 6·2% (4·8–7·6) | 4·4% (3·2–5·6) | 1·5% (0·7–2·3) | 2·6% (1·6–3·6) |
| Persistent cough | 1·7% (1·2–2·2) | 10·3% (8·9–11·6) | 4·5% (3·4–5·6) | 2·4% (1·1–3·6) | 8·8% (7·5–10·2) | 5·8% (4·4–7·2) | 4·4% (3·2–5·6) | 2·8% (1·9–3·8) | 13·9% (0·6–2·2) | 2·8% (1·8–3·9) | 6·7% (5·2–8·3) |
| COPD | 3·9% (3·2–4·6) | 6·8% (5·7–7·9) | 5·9% (4·6–7·2) | 1·9% (0·8–3·2) | 6·7% (5·6–7·9) | 5·8% (4·4–7·3) | 8·0% (6·3–9·6) | 3·1% (2·1–4·1) | 1·6% (0·8–2·4) | 1·8% (0·9–2·6) | 7·6% (5·9–9·3) |
| Skin disorders | 1·2% (0·7–1·5) | 1·9% (1·4–2·5) | 7·2% (5·8–8·6) | 1·5% (0·5–2·5) | 3·9% (3·1–4·8) | 3·4% (2·3–4·5) | 3·6% (2·5–4·7) | 1·1% (0·5–1·6) | 0·2% (0·0–0·5) | 0·9% (0·3–1·5) | 3·2% (2·1–4·3) |
| Fainting or blackouts | 1·1% (0·6–1·4) | 3·5% (2·7–4·4) | 1·7% (0·9–2·4) | 0·9% (0·1–1·7) | 3·9% (3·1–4·7) | 0·5% (0·1–0·9) | 1·8% (0·9–2·6) | 5·4% (4·1–6·7) | 0·9% (0·4–1·6) | 1·5% (0·7–2·3) | 10·5% (8·6–12·4) |
| WHODAS 2.0 | |||||||||||
| Mean scores (SD) | 13·4 (20·0) | 16·5 (20·3) | 13·0 (20·6) | 10·4 (14·5) | 10·7 (16·4) | 10·0 (17·3) | 11·1 (19·1) | 8·1 (20·1) | 8·0 (14·5) | 10·5 (15·4) | 28·3 (18·3) |
| Zero scores (%) | 37·8% | 31·4% | 40·4% | 33·6% | 41·4% | 48·3% | 51·3% | 75·7% | 56·4% | 47·7% | 2·3% |
| Mean scores (SD) omitting zeros | 21·5 (21·7) | 24·0 (20·5) | 21·9 (22·7) | 15·7 (15·4) | 18·3 (17·8) | 19·3 (19·9) | 22·7 (22·0) | 33·2 (28·9) | 18·7 (17·2) | 16·9 (16·6) | 28·9 (17·9) |
Data are percentage (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. WHODAS=WHO disability assessment schedule.