. 2009 Nov 28;374(9704):1821–1830. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61829-8

Table 3.

Relative risks for associations between disability and self-reported impairments and chronic-disease diagnoses^†

	Cuba	DR	Urban Peru	Rural Peru	Venezuela	Urban Mexico	Rural Mexico	Urban China	Rural China	Urban India	Rural India	Meta-analysed RR (95% CI)	Q value	I²value (95% CI)
Dementia	2·44 (2·19–2·71)	1·57 (1·38–1·78)	2·66 (2·25–3·15)	2·03 (1·52–2·71)	1·99 (1·67–2·39)	1·72 (1·27–2·31)	2·03 (1·61–2·56)	2·15 (1·78–2·60)	1·86 (1·55–2·24)	1·85 (1·52–2·27)	1·32 (1·18–1·47)	1·88 (1·79–1·98)	93·6	89% (83–93)
Paralysis or weakness of limb(s)	1·96 (1·67–2·29)	1·91 (1·68–2·15)	1·48 (1·07–2·05)	1·46 (0·94–2·27)^*	1·38 (1·21–1·59)	1·31 (0·97–1·75)^*	1·86 (1·24–2·78)	2·34 (1·76–3·11)	2·11 (1·69–2·64)	2·62 (1·88–3·64)	1·53 (1·21–1·94)	1·76 (1·65–1·87)	34·1	71% (46–84)
Depression	1·62 (1·42–1·84)	1·42 (1·29–1·56)	1·45 (1·19–1·75)	1·86 (1·21–2·86)	1·58 (1·33–1·89)	1·39 (1·09–1·77)	1·51 (1·21–1·88)	0·98 (0·41–2·36)^*	2·08 (1·57–2·76)	1·56 (1·21–2·02)	1·02 (0·92–1·14)^*	1·39 (1·32–1·46)	50·7	80% (66–89)
Stroke	1·38 (1·23–1·55)	1·34 (1·18–1·53)	1·76 (1·37–2·25)	1·56 (1·03–2·37)	1·42 (1·21–1·66)	1·88 (1·40–2·53)	1·19 (0·89–1·59)	1·05 (0·78–1·39)^*	1·19 (0·88–1·61)^*	1·57 (1·10–2·24)	1·46 (0·96–2·21)^*	1·39 (1·31–1·48)	14·6	32% (0–66)
Arthritis or rheumatism	1·41 (1·30–1·53)	1·32 (1·21–1·44)	1·35 (1·17–1·55)	1·32 (0·98–1·75)^*	1·29 (1·15–1·45)	1·51 (1·22–1·87)	1·45 (1·23–1·71)	1·06 (0·85–1·33)^*	1·24 (0·73–2·11)^*	1·37 (1·19–1·57)	1·28 (1·20–1·37)	1·33 (1·28–1·38)	9·7	0% (0–60)
Fainting or blackouts	1·21 (0·91–1·61)^*	1·23 (1·03–1·48)	1·17 (0·84–1·66)^*	1·02 (0·57–1·79)^*	1·04 (0·85–1·27)^*	1·44 (0·73–2·82)^*	0·97 (0·69–1·37)^*	0·96 (0·69–1·33)^*	1·31 (0·93–1·85)^*	1·14 (0·82–1·58)^*	1·37 (1·26–1·49)	1·25 (1·17–1·34)	13·2	24% (0–62)
Difficulty breathing or asthma	1·28 (1·13–1·45)	1·13 (1·01–1·28)	1·26 (1·01–1·58)	1·35 (0·92–1·98)^*	1·13 (0·95–1·33)^*	1·11 (0·84–1·45)^*	1·17 (0·89–1·54)^*	1·14 (0·84–1·56)^*	1·26 (0·79–2·03)^*	1·18 (0·84–1·48)^*	1·21 (1·08–1·33)	1·19 (1·13–1·26)	4·4	0% (0–60)
Skin disorders	1·39 (1·12–1·74)	1·73 (1·39–2·13)	1·17 (0·98–1·41)	1·86 (1·32–2·63)	1·04 (0·84–1·28)^*	0·99 (0·61–1·63)^*	0·86 (0·64–1·16)^*	0·97 (0·65–1·45)^*	0·99 (0·59–1·68)^*	1·35 (0·53–3·47)^*	1·02 (0·87–1·19)^*	1·18 (1·10–1·28)	32·2^*	69% (42–83)^*
Stomach or intestine problems	1·15 (1·03–1·29)	1·26 (1·15–1·38)	0·96 (0·84–1·11)^*	1·37 (0·91–2·06)^*	1·07 (0·96–1·21)^*	0·98 (0·79–1·22)^*	1·23 (1·03–1·46)	1·05 (0·76–1·44)^*	1·03 (0·71–1·51)^*	1·06 (0·75–1·48)^*	1·17 (1·04–1·33)	1·14 (1·09–1·19)	16·1^*	38% (0–69)^*
Diabetes	1·07 (0·97–1·16)^*	1·05 (0·95–1·16)^*	1·22 (1·01–1·46)	1·47 (1·05–2·06)	1·18 (1·05–1·33)	1·11 (0·93–1·32)^*	1·23 (1·02–1·49)	1·13 (0·89–1·43)^*	0·85 (0·44–1·62)^*	1·16 (0·96–1·42)^*	1·08 (0·95–1·22)^*	1·12 (1·06–1·16)	9·1	0% (0–60)
Eyesight problems	1·22 (1·12–1·32)	1·13 (1·04–1·23)	0·91 (0·79–1·03)^*	1·15 (0·96–1·36)^*	1·01 (0·89–1·13)^*	1·04 (0·86–1·24)^*	0·99 (0·85–1·16)^*	1·02 (0·81–1·28)^*	1·01 (0·79–1·28)^*	1·72 (1·36–2·15)	1·11 (1·03–1·18)	1·11 (1·06–1·14)	34·7	71% (47–84)
Hearing difficulties	1·09 (0·98–1·22)^*	1·18 (1·06–1·32)	1·17 (1·03–1·34)	1·07 (0·85–1·35)^*	1·15 (1·01–1·33)	1·24 (1·04–1·49)	1·02 (0·85–1·22)^*	0·92 (0·74–1·14)^*	0·99 (0·79–1·25)^*	1·22 (0·81–1·82)^*	1·04 (0·95–1·15)^*	1·11 (1·06–1·15)	10·6	6% (0–63)
Persistent cough	1·37 (1·12–1·68)	1·01 (0·89–1·13)^*	1·14 (0·89–1·45)^*	1·02 (0·69–1·51)^*	1·12 (0·94–1·32)^*	1·09 (0·81–1·51)^*	0·88 (0·66–1·18)^*	0·89 (0·58–1·38)^*	1·38 (0·78–2·45)^*	1·41 (0·98–2·02)^*	1·13 (1·00–1·28)	1·11 (1·04–1·17)	12·9	23% (0–61)
Heart problems	1·07 (0·95–1·21)^*	1·12 (0·96–1·29)^*	1·01 (0·83–1·24)^*	1·19 (0·79–1·81)^*	1·04 (0·88–1·23)^*	1·03 (0·61–1·73)^*	0·93 (0·57–1·51)^*	1·42 (1·11–1·83)	1·07 (0·73–1·58)^*	1·35 (0·77–2·35)^*	1·17 (0·84–1·63)^*	1·09 (1·02–1·17)	6·6	0% (0–60)
Myocardial infarction or angina	1·06 (0·95–1·19)^*	1·03 (0·84–1·26)^*	1·19 (0·97–1·45)	0·86 (0·58–1·27)^*	1·34 (1·14–1·58)	0·82 (0·53–1·25)^*	0·37 (0·22–0·64)	0·82 (0·60–1·12)^*	0·99 (0·54–1·82)^*	1·02 (0·73–1·42)^*	0·91 (0·73–1·12)^*	1·05 (0·98–1·12)^*	30·7^*	67% (39–83)^*
COPD	1·03 (0·86–1·24)^*	1·04 (0·91–1·18)^*	0·83 (0·65–1·06)^*	0·58 (0·39–0·87)	1·15 (0·97–1·36)^*	1·09 (0·81–1·47)^*	1·11 (0·88–1·38)^*	1·14 (0·79–1·66)^*	1·31 (0·87–1·94)^*	1·12 (0·78–1·57)^*	0·96 (0·85–1·09)^*	1·02 (0·96–1·08)^*	16·2^*	38% (0–70)^*
Hypertension	0·99 (0·91–1·08)^*	0·98 (0·89–1·10)^*	1·09 (0·97–1·24)^*	0·94 (0·78–1·12)^*	1·05 (0·92–1·21)^*	1·16 (0·98–1·37)^*	1·13 (0·96–1·34)^*	1·00 (0·82–1·22)^*	0·91 (0·79–1·03)^*	1·09 (0·96–1·25)^*	0·98 (0·91–1·05)^*	1·02 (0·97–1·05)^*	12·4^*	20% (0–59)^*

Data are relative risk (RR; 95% CI), unless otherwise stated. DR=Dominican Republic. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Associations were not significant.

^†

Adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, and marital status.