Taste reactivity responses to sucrose delivery in the final devaluation session of Experiment 1. Rats in the Devalue condition received lithium chloride injections immediately after each session whereas rats in the Maintain condition received those injections 6–8 hr later. Aversive licks involved a narrowed tongue, barely making contact with the liquid; teeth were always visible. Long (positive) licks involved a broadened and protruding tongue, obscuring the teeth, and long-duration contact with the substrate. Short licks involved an intermediate (normal) tongue breadth, extension, and contact with the substrate. See Behavioral analysis for details.