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. 2010 Feb 19;110(4):2313–2365. doi: 10.1021/cr900105w

Table 3. Changes Occurring during Different Stages of the Maillard Reaction (adapted from Nursten(125)).

changes initial phase intermediate stage final stage
production of color or discoloration + +++
production of flavor or off-flavor + ++
production of water + + +
lowering of pH + + +
antioxidative activity + + +
loss of vitamin C activity +
loss of biological value of proteins + + +
production of fluorescence + +