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. 2010 Feb 17;115(1):167–182. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq025

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© The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 4. — Mean (±SEM) number of errors across 12 trials in the Biel water maze task for male and female F₁ offspring separately on PND 22 (males: A, females: B) and PND 62 (males: C, females: D). At PND 22, the number of errors (i.e., animal deviates from the correct channel with all four feet) in the 0.15- and 2250-ppm group females was statistically significantly lower than in the control group across the combined trials 5–10, path B (Fig. B); and at PND 62, the number of errors in the 0.15-ppm group males was statistically significantly higher than the in control group across the combined trials 1–4, path A (Fig. C). In both cases, because the treatment by trial interaction was not statistically significant, trials were not individually analyzed. When analyzed by sex, there were no additional statistically significant effects obtained in the repeated measures ANOVA (RANOVA) for mean number of errors during the 7-day learning and memory test. When the sexes were combined for analysis at PND 62, a treatment by trial interaction revealed that the mean number of errors in the 1.5-ppm group was statistically significantly higher than in the control group on trial 7 only (data not shown). The PND 22 data are presented separately for males and females because the overall RANOVA revealed a treatment-by-sex interaction (trials 5–10 only). The PND 62 data are presented separately for males and females because the overall RANOVA revealed a treatment by sex by trial interaction (trials 1–4 only). The data from males and females were combined (combined data not shown), to enhance statistical power, on PND 22 (trials 1–4 and 11–12) and on PND 62 (trials 5–10 and 11–12) because neither the treatment by sex nor the treatment by sex by trial interaction was statistically significant. Trial indicates the session trial. Trials 1–4 were conducted in the forward direction (path A), trials 5–10 were conducted in the reverse direction (path B; opposite of path A), and trials 11–12 were conducted in the forward direction (path A). Trials 1–10 tested learning and trials 11–12 probed for memory. *p < 0.05, Dunnett's test.