Table 1.

Mouse models of mucosal immunisation with pneumococcal protein antigens^a

Antigen or vaccine	Route	Immunogenicity	Correlates of protection	Protection against:	Refs
PspA	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum and saliva	Colonisation, pneumonia, sepsis	[60–62]
PspA/attenuated Salmonella	Oral	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum and vaginal fluids	Pneumonia, bacteraemia	[48–51,63]
PsaA	Oral	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum, BAL and intestinal fluid	Pneumonia, bacteraemia	[52,64,65]
PsaA/lactic acid bacteria	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum, saliva, nasal and bronchial washes	Colonisation	[66]
PotD	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum and saliva	Colonisation, pneumonia, bacteraemia	[67]
PsaA and PspA	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum and saliva	Colonisation	[68]
PspA and PspC	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum, vaginal washes, and BAL; cytokine responses in BAL, lung and splenic samples	Pneumonia, bacteraemia	[69,70]
PsaA, PdT and CWPS	Intranasal	Systemic	Antibodies in serum; T cell response in whole blood	Colonisation, pneumonia	[31,71]
GEM with PpmA, SlrA and IgA1p	Intranasal	Systemic	Antibodies in serum	Pneumonia	[72,73]
PCV	Intranasal	Mucosal and systemic	Antibodies in serum and nasal washes	Colonisation, otitis media	[74–77]

^aAbbreviations: PspA, pneumococcal surface protein A; PsaA, ‘pneumococcal surface adhesion A’ protein; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; PotD, polyamine transport protein D; PspC, pneumococcal surface protein C; PdT, pneumolysin nontoxic derivative; CWPS, cell wall polysaccharide; GEM, Gram-positive enhancer matrix; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.