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High-resolution (a) C1s and (b) N1s XPS spectra obtained from PPy-NSE copolymer films. The N-succinimidyl ester group in PPy (PPy-NSEx) copolymers was recognized by noticeable peaks at 288.8 eV (N–O–C (= O)) and 288.1 eV (N–C (=O)).