Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 18.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2009 Jun 4;37(10):2064–2081. doi: 10.1007/s10439-009-9723-0

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Direct observations of DNA translocation during phi29 DNA packaging by single-molecule studies using (a) fluorescent microsphere-attached phi29 DNA,119 (b) magnetic bead-attached phi29 DNA,17 and (c) optical tweezers for packaging rate and force measurement.123 All figures were adapted with permission from the European Molecular Biology Organization, the American Institute of Physics, and the Nature Publishing Group to the respective citation.