Figure 4.

Dependence of the forces on the local slope of the membrane. (A) Definition of geometry. Force dependence of (B) detached filaments (see also Gholami et al. (5), their Fig. 15); and (C) attached filaments. Solid and dashed curves correspond to the filament configuration illustrated in panel A. For all calculations, filament length and distance between fixed point y_g and membrane position y are kept constant at values l_a = 192 nm, l_d = 200 nm, and y − y_g = 161 nm, corresponding to the parameter set producing the stable yet excitable steady state of the system discussed in Fig. 2. The magnitude of forces is maximal when filaments are normal to the membrane. (D) The dependence of forces on the angle between filament and membrane tangent leads to one-sided propagation of a local perturbation for asymmetric filament networks.