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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 19.
Published in final edited form as: Econ Dev Cult Change. 2010 Apr;58(3):507–536. doi: 10.1086/650414

Table 1. Living Arrangements of Africans aged 8 to 17 - 1993 to 2005.

Year 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Dataset PSLSD OHS CENSUS OHS OHS CENSUS GHS GHS GHS GHS
Observations 8,059 22,858 636,977 28,494 16,376 635,914 19,805 19,092 18,353 21,296
Children with two living parents
Fraction of children 0.851 0.809 0.84027 0.8174 0.8238 0.796 0.775 0.771 0.750 0.733
Mother is co-resident 0.757 0.812 0.589 0.730 0.726 0.735 0.727
Father is co-resident 0.451 0.581 0.365 0.433 0.423 0.421 0.413
Living with both 0.424 0.561 0.313 0.401 0.389 0.389 0.380
Living with mother only 0.333 0.251 0.276 0.328 0.337 0.346 0.346
Living with father only 0.027 0.020 0.052 0.032 0.034 0.032 0.032
Living with neither 0.214 0.167 0.314 0.219 0.225 0.217 0.228
Relationship to head - child 0.654 0.726 0.684 0.622 0.623 0.651 0.625 0.630 0.627 0.629
Relationship to head - grandchild 0.279 0.215 0.219 0.280 0.276 0.232 0.280 0.277 0.290 0.272
Relationship to head - other relative 0.059 0.054 0.072 0.089 0.094 0.092 0.082 0.083 0.073 0.081
Relationship to head - non-relative 0.007 0.004 0.013 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.003 0.004 0.010
Relationship to head - self 0.001 0.001 0.013 0.003 0.004 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.007
Maternal orphans
Fraction of children 0.023 0.019 0.019 0.022 0.023 0.030 0.040 0.038 0.041 0.042
Living with father 0.352 0.419 0.245 0.290 0.236 0.228 0.269
Relationship to head - child 0.349 0.325 0.372 0.314 0.315 0.260 0.249 0.197 0.192 0.217
Relationship to head - grandchild 0.366 0.362 0.283 0.352 0.385 0.430 0.468 0.483 0.537 0.484
Relationship to head - other relative 0.242 0.161 0.177 0.276 0.242 0.252 0.238 0.275 0.227 0.237
Relationship to head - non-relative 0.043 0.016 0.023 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.016 0.010 0.015
Relationship to head - adoptive/foster child 0.132 0.123 0.035 0.035 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.020 0.036
Relationship to head - self 0.003 0.022 0.010 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.007 0.014 0.011
Paternal orphans
Fraction of children 0.112 0.152 0.128 0.141 0.137 0.148 0.154 0.155 0.163 0.168
Living with mother 0.783 0.763 0.733 0.551 0.685 0.654 0.693 0.671
Relationship to head - child 0.692 0.587 0.590 0.538 0.552 0.515 0.503 0.503 0.533 0.524
Relationship to head - grandchild 0.173 0.297 0.239 0.285 0.261 0.276 0.330 0.325 0.306 0.306
Relationship to head - other relative 0.073 0.097 0.122 0.139 0.158 0.152 0.133 0.150 0.131 0.130
Relationship to head - non-relative 0.014 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.012
Relationship to head - adoptive/foster child 0.047 0.014 0.038 0.023 0.016 0.033 0.018 0.009 0.017 0.019
Relationship to head - self 0.001 0.002 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.016 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.009
Double orphans
Fraction of children 0.014 0.021 0.012 0.018 0.014 0.021 0.029 0.033 0.043 0.054
Relationship to head - grandchild 0.433 0.435 0.384 0.426 0.511 0.500 0.540 0.539 0.553 0.512
Relationship to head - other relative 0.499 0.310 0.460 0.372 0.350 0.408 0.381 0.354 0.352 0.403
Relationship to head - non-relative 0.037 0.039 0.014 0.003 0.017 0.019 0.024 0.017 0.016
Relationship to head - adoptive/foster child 0.031 0.216 0.096 0.183 0.136 0.046 0.045 0.063 0.071 0.054
Relationship to head - self 0.061 0.005 0.030 0.015 0.020 0.008 0.014
Mother is deceased - maternal and double orphans
Fraction of children 0.037 0.040 0.030 0.040 0.038 0.053 0.070 0.073 0.085 0.098
Fraction who are double orphans 0.367 0.530 0.416 0.456 0.406 0.428 0.427 0.478 0.522 0.573
Fraction who are “virtual” double orphans 0.410 0.273 0.372 0.544 0.594 0.432 0.407 0.399 0.369 0.312
Fraction who live with their father 0.223 0.197 0.212 0.000 0.000 0.140 0.166 0.123 0.109 0.115
Father is deceased - paternal and double orphans
Fraction of children 0.125 0.173 0.134 0.155 0.145 0.162 0.179 0.185 0.203 0.218
Fraction who are double orphans 0.108 0.121 0.067 0.089 0.054 0.091 0.141 0.162 0.193 0.232
Fraction who are “virtual” double orphans 0.193 0.208 0.933 0.911 0.946 0.408 0.270 0.290 0.248 0.253
Fraction who live with their father 0.699 0.670 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.501 0.589 0.548 0.559 0.515