Table 2.
Demographic characteristics and clinical presentation of Chikungunya fever in studies from India during the current epidemic
| Variable | Study (reference) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohan (1) (n = 1226)* | Lakshmi et al. (62) (n = 296) | Suryawanshi et al. (63) (n = 405) | Kannan et al. (64) (n = 354) | Bandyopadhyay et al. (65) (n = 321) | |
| Period of study | January 2006-July 2009* | March-December 2006 | July-September 2006 | 2007 | August-December 2007 |
| Place of study | Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh | Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh | Nagpur, Maharashtra | Four severely affected districts of Kerala (Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam and Thrissur) | Nine districts of West Bengal |
| Method of diagnosis | IgM antibodies positive (n = 914) | RT-PCR (n = 144); RT-LAMP (n = 20) | IgM antibodies positive (n = 87) | Community based survey | IgM antibodies positive |
| Age | Mean age ± SD (years) = 38.4 ± 18.2 | Most affected age group = 31-40 years (34%) | Mean age ± SD (years) = 26 ± 11.7† | Most affected age group = 16-35 years (31%) | Most affected age group = 31-50 years (43%) |
| Male:Female | 1.1:1 | 1:1.6 | 2.3:1† | 1.2:1 | 2:1 |
| Symptoms‡ | |||||
| Fever | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100§ |
| Headache | 64 | 31 | 56 | 98 | 70§ |
| Chills | 30 | ND | ND | ND | 55§ |
| Arthralgias | 98 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 96§ |
| Myalgias | 96 | ND | ND | 99 | 80§ |
| Photophobia | 11 | ND | ND | ND | 25§ |
| Nausea | 42 | ND | ND | 83 | 38§ |
| Vomiting | 16 | 04 | ND | 11 | 06§ |
| Eye pain | ND | 08 | ND | 12 | ND |
| Physical signs‡ | |||||
| Conjunctival suffusion | 74 | ND | ND | 08 | ND |
| Painful swollen joints | 70 | 40 | 24 | ND | 16§ |
| Lymphadenopathy | 04 | ND | 04 | ND | 65§ |
| Skin rash | 08 | 28 | 16 | 81 | 02§ |
| Oral ulcers | ND | ND | 10 | 18 | ND |
| Altered consciousness | 01 | ND | 03 | ND | ND |
| Bleeding manifestations | 02 | ND | 01 | 01 | 04§ |
| Others | High-grade fever (> 40 °C); (24%) fulminant hepatitis (02%) | Back pain 42%; shoulder pain 19%; difficulty in walking 06%; polyarthritis 12% | Transverse myelitis (n = 05); acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (n = 02) | Edema (61.3%); distaste (86.4%) | Cough 05%; diarrhoea 04%; abdominal pain 03%; chest pain 03%; oedema of legs 03%‡ |
*
Data updated from Reference 1;
†
Described for confirmed cases;
‡
Percentage positive;
§
Described in 100 serologically confirmed patients; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; RT-LAMP: Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification; RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ND: Not described