Basal levels (pg/ml) of individual chemokines/cytokines in medium from untreated astroglial cultures from three different brain regions. All values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. N=5 independent cultures from each brain region. Statistical analysis (one-way MANOVA) revealed significant differences between the three brain regions for GM-CSF, IFN-γ, RANTES, MCP-1, IL-9, and TNF-α; post hoc Bonferroni's test; *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.