Table 3.
Factors associated with anal canal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men having sex with women in São Paulo, Cuernavaca, and Tampa: bivariate analyses (n=902).
| Any HPV type |
Any oncogenic type |
Only nononcogenic types |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | n | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) |
| Age | |||||||
| 18–30 years | 410 | 49 (12.0) | Reference | 32 (7.8) | Reference | 17 (4.2) | Reference |
| 31–44 years | 376 | 50 (13.3) | 1.13 (0.74– 1.72) | 27 (7.2) | 0.91 (0.54– 1.56) | 23 (6.1) | 1.51 (0.79– 2.87) |
| 45–70 years | 116 | 9 (7.8) | 0.62 (0.30– 1.30) | 4 (3.5) | 0.42 (0.15– 1.22) | 5 (4.3) | 1.04 (0.38– 2.89) |
| Racea | |||||||
| White | 358 | 44 (12.3) | Reference | 25 (7.0) | Reference | 19 (5.3) | Reference |
| Black | 123 | 10 (8.1) | 0.63 (0.31– 1.30) | 5 (4.1) | 0.56 (0.21– 1.51) | 5 (4.1) | 0.76 (0.28– 2.07) |
| Mixed/other | 414 | 53 (12.8) | 1.05 (0.68– 1.61) | 33 (8.0) | 1.15 (0.67– 1.98) | 20 (4.8) | 0.91 (0.48– 1.73) |
| Ethnicitya | |||||||
| Hispanic | 426 | 52 (12.2) | Reference | 32 (7.5) | Reference | 20 (4.7) | Reference |
| Non–Hispanic | 467 | 53 (11.4) | 0.92 (0.61– 1.38) | 29 (6.2) | 0.82 (0.48– 1.37) | 24 (5.1) | 1.10 (0.60– 2.02) |
| Marital statusa | |||||||
| Single, never married | 347 | 46 (13.3) | Reference | 32 (9.2) | Reference | 14 (4.0) | Reference |
| Married | 371 | 34 (9.2) | 0.66 (0.41– 1.06) | 19 (5.1) | 0.53 (0.30– 0.96 ) | 15 (4.0) | 1.00 (0.48– 2.11) |
| Cohabitating | 106 | 14 (13.2) | 1.00 (0.52– 1.89) | 5 (4.7) | 0.49 (0.19– 1.28) | 9 (8.5) | 2.21 (0.93– 5.25) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 76 | 14 (18.4) | 1.48 (0.77– 2.85) | 7 (9.2) | 1.0 (0.42– 2.36) | 7 (9.2) | 2.41 (0.94– 6.20) |
| Prepuce present (clinician record)a | |||||||
| Yes | 553 | 67 (12.1) | 1.04 (0.68– 1.60) | 36 (6.5) | 0.85 (0.50– 1.45) | 31 (5.6) | 1.39 (0.72– 2.69) |
| Partially | 28 | 4 (14.3) | 1.26 (0.42– 3.84) | 3 (10.7) | 1.47 (0.41– 5.21) | 1 (3.6) | 0.87 (0.11– 6.88) |
| No | 317 | 37 (11.7) | Reference | 24 (7.6) | Reference | 13 (4.1) | Reference |
| Ever STD diagnosisa | |||||||
| Yes | 136 | 25 (18.4) | 1.84 (1.13– 3.01) | 14 (10.3) | 1.66 (0.89– 3.11) | 11 (8.1) | 1.90 (0.93– 3.85) |
| No | 744 | 81 (10.9) | Reference | 48 (6.5) | Reference | 33 (4.4) | Reference |
| Ever hepatitis B diagnosisa | |||||||
| Yes | 9 | 4 (44.4) | 6.05 (1.60–22.91) | 3 (33.3) | 6.71 (1.64– 27.49) | 1 (11.1) | 2.51 (0.31–20.56) |
| No | 865 | 101 (11.7) | Reference | 60 (6.9) | Reference | 41 (4.7) | Reference |
| Lifetime no. of female sex partnersa | |||||||
| 0–2 partners | 129 | 7 (5.4) | Reference | 5 (3.9) | Reference | 2 (1.6) | Reference |
| 3–9 partners | 365 | 39 (10.7) | 2.08 (0.91– 4.79) | 25 (6.9) | 1.82 (0.68– 4.87) | 14 (3.8) | 2.53 (0.57–11.30) |
| ≥ 10 | 359 | 56 (15.6) | 3.22 (1.43– 7.26) | 31 (8.6) | 2.34 (0.89– 6.16) | 25 (7.0) | 4.75 (1.11–20.36) |
| trendb | P=0.001 | P=0.07 | P=0.07 | ||||
| Female sex partners during preceding 3 monthsa | |||||||
| 0 women | 248 | 27 (10.9) | 1.16 (0.69– 1.95) | 18 (7.3) | 1.31 (0.69– 2.49) | 9 (3.6) | 0.93 (0.40– 2.13) |
| 1 woman | 409 | 39 (9.5) | Reference | 23 (5.6) | Reference | 16 (3.9) | Reference |
| ≥ 2 women | 220 | 39 (17.7) | 2.04 (1.27– 3.30) | 20 (9.1) | 1.68 (0.90– 3.13) | 19 (8.6) | 2.32 (1.17– 4.61) |
| trendb | P=0.03 | P=0.47 | P=0.02 | ||||
| New female sex partners during preceding 3 monthsa | |||||||
| 0 women | 593 | 65 (11.0) | 0.83 (0.51– 1.35) | 40 (6.8) | 1.00 (0.52– 1.92) | 25 (4.2) | 0.66 (0.33– 1.35) |
| 1 woman | 193 | 25 (13.0) | Reference | 13 (6.7) | Reference | 12 (6.2) | Reference |
| ≥ 2 women | 77 | 11 (14.3) | 1.12 (0.52– 2.41) | 6 (7.8) | 1.17 (0.43– 3.20) | 5 (6.5) | 1.05 (0.36– 3.08) |
| trendb | P=0.30 | P=0.79 | P=0.21 | ||||
| Ever had anal sex with a female or malea | |||||||
| Yes | 433 | 48 (11.1) | 0.97 (0.63– 1.50) | 25 (5.8) | 0.77 (0.44– 1.33) | 23 (5.3) | 1.36 (0.71– 2.62) |
| No | 405 | 46 (11.4) | Reference | 30 (7.4) | Reference | 16 (4.0) | Reference |
| Sex with someone other than a ‘steady’ partner during preceding 3 monthsa | |||||||
| Yes | 177 | 28 (15.8) | 1.67 (1.02– 2.73) | 14 (7.9) | 1.35 (0.70– 2.59) | 14 (7.9) | 1.39 (0.65– 3.00) |
| No | 534 | 54 (10.1) | Reference | 32 (6.0) | Reference | 22 (4.1) | Reference |
| No steady partner | 182 | 26 (14.3) | 1.48 (0.90– 2.45) | 17 (9.3) | 1.62 (0.88– 2.99) | 9 (5.0) | 1.79 (0.88– 3.63) |
| Frequency of sex with females during preceding montha | |||||||
| 0–1 times | 209 | 26 (12.4) | Reference | 14 (6.7) | Reference | 12 (5.7) | Reference |
| 2–4 times | 206 | 23 (11.2) | 0.89 (0.49– 1.61) | 18 (8.7) | 1.33 (0.65– 2.76) | 5 (2.4) | 0.41 (0.14– 1.18) |
| 5–10 times | 243 | 30 (12.4) | 0.99 (0.57– 1.74) | 16 (6.6) | 0.98 (0.47– 2.06) | 14 (5.8) | 1.00 (0.45– 2.22) |
| ≥ 11 times | 210 | 26 (12.4) | 1.00 (0.56– 1.78) | 14 (6.7) | 1.00 (0.46– 2.14) | 12 (5.7) | 1.00 (0.44– 2.27) |
| Duration of relationship with primary sex partnera | |||||||
| No primary sex partner | 183 | 26 (14.2) | 2.27 (1.17– 4.44) | 17 (9.3) | 4.42 (1.60– 12.24) | 9 (4.9) | 1.09 (0.43– 2.75) |
| < 1 year | 197 | 30 (15.2) | 2.47 (1.29– 4.74) | 21 (10.7) | 5.16 (1.91– 13.95) | 9 (4.6) | 1.01 (0.40– 2.54) |
| 1–4 years | 132 | 15 (11.4) | 1.76 (0.83– 3.73) | 8 (6.1) | 2.79 (0.89– 8.71) | 7 (5.3) | 1.18 (0.44– 3.18) |
| 5–10 years | 158 | 21 (13.3) | 2.11 (1.05– 4.23) | 11 (7.0) | 3.23 (1.10– 9.50) | 10 (6.3) | 1.43 (0.58– 3.51) |
| > 10 years | 221 | 15 (6.8) | Reference | 5 (2.3) | Reference | 10 (4.5) | Reference |
| trendb | P=0.01 | P=0.001 | P=0.91 | ||||
| Age at first sexual intercourse with a woman, yearsa | |||||||
| < 15 | 154 | 24 (15.6) | Reference | 10 (6.5) | Reference | 14 (9.1) | Reference |
| ≥ 15 years | 738 | 83 (11.3) | 0.69 (0.42– 1.12) | 53 (7.2) | 1.11 (0.55– 2.24) | 30 (4.1) | 0.42 (0.22– 0.82) |
| Ever had oral or anal sex with a mana | |||||||
| Yes | 94 | 19 (20.2) | 2.03 (1.17– 3.52) | 12 (12.8) | 2.16 (1.10– 4.21) | 7 (7.5) | 1.62 (0.70– 3.73) |
| No | 802 | 89 (11.1) | Reference | 51 (6.4) | Reference | 38 (4.7) | Reference |
| Anogenital warts (reported by clinician) | |||||||
| Yes | 56 | 14 (25.0) | 2.67 (1.40– 5.07) | 9 (16.1) | 2.81 (1.31– 6.03) | 5 (8.9) | 1.98 (0.75– 5.22) |
| No | 846 | 94 (11.1) | Reference | 54 (6.4) | Reference | 40 (4.7) | Reference |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 481 | 64 (13.3) | Reference | 36 (7.5) | Reference | 28 (5.8) | Reference |
| Former | 187 | 15 (8.0) | 0.57 (0.32– 1.03) | 8 (4.3) | 0.55 (0.25– 1.21) | 7 (3.7) | 0.63 (0.27– 1.47) |
| Current | 234 | 29 (12.4) | 0.92 (0.58– 1.47) | 19 (8.1) | 1.09 (0.61– 1.95) | 10 (4.3) | 0.72 (0.35– 1.51) |
NOTE. ‘Any HPV type’ cases are positive for at least one of 37 HPV types. ‘Any oncogenic type’ cases are positive for at least one of 13 oncogenic HPV types regardless of the presence of nononcogenic types. ‘Only nononcogenic types’ cases are positive only for single or multiple nononcogenic types. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; STD, sexually transmitted disease.
a
Because some observations were missing and/or included a ‘Don’t know’ response, category entries do not sum to 100%.
b
Cochran–Armitage test for trend.