Table 1.

Plasma and Vascular Levels of Bioactive Factors and Vascular Mediators during Normal Pregnancy (Norm-Preg) and Preeclampsia (PE) in Humans.

	Site of Action	Effect	Norm-Preg	PE	Reference
Bioactive Factor
VEGF	Endothelium	Vasorelaxation	184 pg/mL	396 pg/mL	[28]
sFlt-1	Endothelium	Anti VEGF	339.4 pg/mL	7247pg/mL	[29]
Endoglin	Endothelium	Anti TGF-β	9.8 ng/mL	46.4 ng/mL	[30]
Cytokines TNF-α IL-6	Endothelium Endothelium	EC Dysfunction EC Dysfunction	3.31 pg/ml 4.9±1.1 pg/mL	4.68 pg/mL 16.5±2.1 pg/mL	[31] [32]
HIF	DNA	Gene Transcription	↑	↑↑	[33]
ROS	Endothelium	EC Dysfunction	--	↑	[34]
MMP-2	ECM, Endothelium	Remodeling	779±194 ng/mL	783±322.3 ng/mL	[35]
MMP-9	ECM	Remodeling	121±190.5 ng/mL	262.2±398.6 ng/mL	[35]
2-Methoxy-E2	Estrogen receptor	Vasodilator	↑	↓	[36]
Vascular Mediator
NO	VSM	Vasorelaxation	13.0±4.3 μmol/L	18.1±6.2 μmol/L	[37]
PGI2	VSM	Vasorelaxation	↑	↓	[38]
EDHF	VSM	Vasorelaxation	↑	↓	[39]
ET-1	VSM Endothelium	Vasoconstriction Vasorelaxation	12±1.0 pmol/L	22.6±2.0 pmol/L	[40]
AngII	VSM	Vasoconstriction	30.2 fmol/mL	53.3 fmol/mL	[41]

↑↑, Greatly increased;

↑, Increased;

↓, Decreased;

--, No change, relative to nonpregnant.