Table 1.

First Occurrences of Red Tides of Karenia spp./Gyrodinium aureolum Within Coastal Habitats, Adjacent to Populations of Trichodesmium Within Warm Western Boundary Currents, and Downstream of Arid Regions

Species	Year	Region	Boundary Currenta	Desert
K. brevis	1844	West Florida Shelf	Loop	Sahara
K. mikimoto	1893	Toba, Ise Bay, Japan	Kuroshio	Gobi
K. brevis	1935	South Texas Shelf	Loop	Sahara
K. mikimotoi	1998	Hong Kong, southern China	Kuroshio	Gobi
K. digitata	2000	Hong Kong	Kuroshio	Gobi
K. longicanalis	2001	Hong Kong	Kuroshio	Gobi
Gyrodinium aureolum	1966	Southern Norway	Gulf Stream	Sahara
G. aureolum	1968	Western Denmark	Gulf Stream	Sahara
G. aureolum	1971	Eastern Irish Sea	Gulf Stream	Sahara
G. aureolum	1976	Southern Ireland	Gulf Stream	Sahara
G. aureolum	1978	Western France	Gulf Stream	Sahara
G. aureolum	1981	Southern Brazil	Brazil	-
G. aureolum	1988	Northern Argentina	Brazil	Patagonia
K. spp.	1999	Southern Chile Shelf	El Nino/Humboldta	Altacama
G. aureolum	1991	Tunisia		Sahara
K. selliformis	1999	Kuwait		Arabia
K. bicuneiformis	2003	Gordon's Bay, S. Africa	Agulhas	Kalahari
K. cristata	2003	Walker Bay, S. Africa	Agulhas	Kalahari
G. aureolum	1987	Hauraki Gulf	East Auckland	Simpson
K. mikimotoi	1992	Hauraki Gulf	East Auckland	Simpson
K. brevisulcata	2000	Wellington Harbor	East Auckland	Simpson
K. concordia	2004	Hauraki Gulf	East Auckland	Simpson
K. papilionacea	2004	New Zealand	East Auckland	Simpson
K. asterichroma	2004	Tasmania	East Australian	Simpson
K. umbella	2004	Tasmania	East Australian	Simpson
K. umbella	2004	Western Australia	Leeuwina	Great Western

^aThe Humboldt and Leeuwin habitats are eastern boundary currents along South America and West Australia that at times flow polewards, in response to respective interannual and seasonal changes of alongshore pressure gradients.