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. 2010 Feb 22;285(17):13079–13091. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.044206

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1.

α-ESA induces apoptotic cell death in neuronal cells. A, structure of α-ESA. B, time course of α-ESA-mediated cell death in the differentiated PC12 cells. The cells were differentiated by NGF for 48 h and then exposed to α-ESA. C, time course of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 during NGF and α-ESA treatment. NGF induced a strong phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and its phosphorylation decreased to the basal level by 48 h. Then the addition of α-ESA induced prolonged and moderate phosphorylation of ERK1/2 again, resulting in the cell death. D, α-ESA (2 μg/ml) induced apoptotic cell death in neuronal PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NG108-15 cells. n = 9; p < 0.05 versus control (DMSO alone). E, α-ESA-mediated apoptosis was not inhibited by pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk and caspase-3 inhibitor in PC12 cells. α-Toc, but not epicatechin, inhibited the cell death. The values represent the means ± S.D. The viability of α-ESA treated cells was measured by WST-8 reagent 16 h after the treatment. *, p < 0.05.