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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 4.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):41–42. doi: 10.1038/464041a

Figure 1. PAMPs, DAMPs and the inflammatory response.

Figure 1

Zhang et al.2 find that, like bacterial DNA released following sepsis, mitochondrial DNA released by severe trauma can also act through toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) to activate neutrophils through activation of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) enzyme. Similarly, formylated peptides released from bacteria and mitochondria in these settings attract neutrophils by the process of chemotaxis to sites of inflammation and injury through formyl peptide receptor-1 (FPR1). In both cases, the outcome may be acute lung injury, as part of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns.