Figure 3.

Path diagram of the bivariate AR(2) model. The dark filled circles attached to the lag-1 cross-regression paths, φ_{infant–>parent,i} and φ_{parent–>infant,i} indicate that individual differences are included in the P→I and I→P cross-regression parameters. The index for episode (k) is omitted from the path diagram to simplify the notations. Infant_it = manifest measurement of infant (in dyad) i’s emotional valence at time t; Parent_it = manifest measurement of parent (in dyad) i’s emotional valence at time t e_infant,it = measurement error for infant; e_parent,it = measurement error for parent; ${\sigma }_{e,\mathit{infant}}^2$ = measurement error variance for infant; ${\sigma }_{e,\mathit{parent}}^2$ = measurement error variance for parent; φ_1,infant, φ_{1, parent}, φ_2,infant, φ_{2, parent} = AR(1) parameter for infant, AR(1) parameter for parent, AR(2) parameter for infant and AR(2) parameter for parent; φ_{infant–>parent} = cross-regression from infant’s emotion at time t−1 to parent’s emotion at time t; φ_{parent–>infant} = cross-regression from parent’s emotion at time t−1 to infant’s emotion at time t.