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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Feb 17.
Published in final edited form as: Lang Learn. 2010 Feb 17;60(1):44–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00551.x

Table 1. Participant Background Information. Means (and Standard Deviations).

L1 Spanish
(n=17)		 L2 Spanish
(n=14)
Age in years 26.5 (5.4) 23.6 (3.5)
Years of education 17.5 (3.2) 16.5 (1.7)
L2 proficiency (SOPI) score (min=0.1, max=3.0) n/a 2.4 (0.33)
L2 self-rating (5-point scale)
 Listening n/a 3.8 (0.7)
 Reading n/a 3.7 (0.7)
 Speaking n/a 3.6 (0.9)
 Writing n/a 3.4 (0.9)

Note. Years of education is defined as the number of years of formal education. The L1 and L2 groups did not differ in years of education (t(29)=1.06, p=.30) but differed marginally in age (t(29)=1.73, p=.095).