Kiani et al., 2009 [13] |
Urine osteoprotegerin (OPG) |
OPG strongly associated with renal activity descriptors of the SELENA SLEDAI; medium/high levels of OPG predictive of a urine protein/creatinine ratio of ≥0.5 |
Wang et al., 2009 [73] |
FOXP3 mRNA expression in urinary sediments |
FOXP3 mRNA expression significantly higher in active than inactive lupus nephritis, and in proliferative than nonproliferative nephritis, FOXP3 mRNA level correlated with proteinuria and histological activity index; persistent elevation associated with poor treatment response |
Dhaun et al., 2009 [74] |
Urine endothelin-1 |
Fractional excretion of endothelin-1 and urinary endothelin-1/creatinine ratio higher in lupus nephritis than other chronic inflammatory renal diseases when renal function is normal |
Enghard et al., 2009 [75] |
Urine CXCR3+CD4+T cells |
Urinary CXCR3+CD4+ T cells are enriched in lupus nephritis and correlated with SLE disease activity; higher concentration of urinary CXCR3+CD4+ T cells is found in active than inactive nephritis |
Tucci et al., 2008 [65] |
Serum and urine IL-12 |
Glomerular expression of IL-12 predominantly occurs in class IV and V lupus nephritis; serum and urine IL-12 higher in lupus nephritis than nonrenal SLE |
Wu et al., 2007 [76] |
Urine VCAM-1, P-selectin, TNFR-1, and CXCL16 |
Urinary VCAM-1, P-selectin, TNFR-1, and CXCL16 elevated in lupus nephritis, correlating with proteinuria and SLE disease activity scores; urinary VCAM-1 and CXCL16 showed superior specificity and sensitivity in distinguishing subjects with active renal disease from the other SLE patients. |
Hammad et al., 2006 [77] |
Urine TGFβ-1 |
Urinary TGFβ-1 level significantly higher in active than silent lupus nephritis, correlated with anti-dsDNA and C3 levels |
Chan et al., 2004 [78] |
TGFβ and MCP-1 mRNA expression in urine sediments |
Urinary TGFβ and MCP-1 mRNA expression correlated with histological activity index on renal biopsy |