Table 2.
Mean waking and evening testosterone (pg/ml) by motherhood, pairbonding, pill use, breastfeeding and menstrual cycle phase.
| Variable (n) | Waking T | pa | Evening T | pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-mother (43) | 93.1 (4.5) | 47.6 (3.0) | ||
| Mother - all (24) | 63.4 (6.0) | 0.0001b | 40.3 (4.0) | 0.200b |
| Young offspring (14) | 54.7 (7.6) | 0.0001b | 30.6 (4.9) | 0.004b |
| Older offspring (10) | 75.6 (9.0) | 0.096b | 53.8 (5.8) | 0.236b |
| Non-pairbonded (42) | 90.2 (4.7) | 47.7 (3.0) | ||
| Pairbonded (25) | 69.6 (6.2) | 0.004 | 40.5 (3.9) | 0.180 |
| Non pill use (58) | 87.0 (4.0) | 47.8 (2.4) | ||
| Pill user (9) | 53.7 (10.2) | 0.003 | 26.9 (6.2) | 0.003 |
| Not breastfeeding (58) | 85.5 (4.2) | 46.8 (2.5) | ||
| Breastfeeding (9) | 63.2 (10.6) | 0.043 | 33.6 (6.4) | 0.057 |
| Other phase (45) | 76.5 (4.7) | 42.3 (2.9) | ||
| Late follicular (22) | 94.7 (6.7) | 0.018 | 50.4 (4.2) | 0.173 |
Mean (SEM) testosterone adjusted for time of saliva collection, usual wake time, and wake time that day.
a
p-value for significant difference in T measured at same time of day (all linear regression).
b
Compared to non-mothers