Table 2.
Body composition, resting energy expenditure, exercise tolerance, hormones, appetite, and caloric intake in the cross-sectional cohort
| Group | Control (n = 7) | HF cross-sectional (n = 12) | HTx cross-sectional (n = 12) |
P-value |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Control vs. HF | Control vs. HTx | HF vs. HTx | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 31.5 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Total mass (kg) | 87 ± 15 | 69 ± 6 | 92 ± 15 | <0.001 | <0.004 | >0.2 | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg)a | 24 ± 9 | 17 ± 2 | 31 ± 9 | <0.006 | <0.13 | 0.10 | <0.002 |
| Lean mass (kg)a | 66 ± 8 | 55 ± 4 | 61 ± 11 | 0.12 | 0.04 | >0.2 | 0.17 |
| Fat % | 26 ± 7 | 23 ± 2 | 33 ± 7 | <0.009 | >0.2 | <0.03 | <0.004 |
| Abdominal fat mass (kg) | 11.7 ± 5 | 8.4 ± 2 | 16.8 ± 6 | <0.01 | >0.2 | <0.06 | <0.004 |
| Abdominal fat % | 27 ± 8 | 23 ± 4 | 33 ± 7 | <0.009 | >0.2 | 0.05 | <0.003 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99 ± 10 | 86 ± 4 | 111 ± 13 | <0.001 | <0.10 | <0.05 | <0.001 |
| REE (kcal/day) | 1710 ± 384 | 1812 ± 352 | 2036 ± 528 | >0.2 | >0.2 | <0.13 | >0.2 |
| REE (kcal/m2/h) | 35 ± 5 | 41 ± 9 | 41 ± 10 | >0.2 | <0.14 | <0.15 | >0.2 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min)a | 27 ± 9 | 11 ± 2 | 15 ± 3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.4 ± 5.8 | 105.4 ± 16.8 | 96.4 ± 16.1 | <0.05 | <0.02 | 0.17 | <0.19 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 11.6 ± 7.1 | 21.8 ± 10.9 | 18.1 ± 6.9 | 0.08 | <0.03 | 0.14 | >0.2 |
| HOMA (mMmU/L2)b | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 1.9 | <0.04 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.20 |
| Leptin (ng/mL)c | 8.56 ± 5.2 | 8.14 ± 7.6 | 16.65 ± 11.6 | <0.06 | >0.2 | 0.07 | <0.03 |
| Leptin per fat % (ng/mL/%)a | 0.27 ± 0.1 | 0.29 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.3 | <0.10 | >0.2 | 0.06 | <0.10 |
| Hunger fasting (0–10) | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | <0.05 | >0.2 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| Breakfast (kcal) | 907 ± 260 | 832 ± 364 | 1238 ± 421 | 0.03 | >0.2 | <0.07 | 0.01 |
| Hunger after breakfast (0–10) | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 1.9 ± 2.8 | >0.2 | >0.2 | >0.2 | >0.2 |
| Leptin AUC (mg min/mL) | 2.54 ± 1.4 | 2.73 ± 2.5 | 5.41 ± 3.7 | 0.05 | >0.2 | <0.05 | 0.03 |
| Hunger before lunch (0–10) | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 6.1 ± 2.7 | >0.2 | >0.2 | >0.2 | >0.2 |
| Lunch (kcal) | 1185 ± 650 | 391 ± 103 | 831 ± 309 | <0.008 | <0.002 | 0.13 | 0.06 |
Bold denotes statistical significance (P < 0.05). BMI, body mass index; HTx, heart transplantation.
aPeak VO2 and DEXA scans were not performed in the seven HF patients on inotropic therapy and thus leptin per fat % was not available.
bHOMA was not measured in patients with diabetes (n = 3 HF and n = 2 HTx); upper limit of normal for HOMA is 2.5 mMmU/L2.5
cNormal range leptin for this assay: men, 3.8 ± 1.8; women, 7.4 ± 3.7 ng/mL (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals).