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Smad 2/3 phosphorylation. As shown in western blots (A), Smad2/3 phosphorylation was significantly increased in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) vs. normal subjects before left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. Although levels did not change significantly with left ventricular assist device support, they remained higher than normal subjects (B). (*P < 0.005 vs. normal).
