Table 1.
Prevalence and prevalence ratios of receiving no treatment for mental health problems among adults aged ≥20 years with diagnosed diabetes and SPD in the U.S.: 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
| Prevalence of untreated SPD in adults with diagnosed diabetes |
Prevalence of receiving no treatment for mental health problems in adults with both diagnosed diabetes and SPD |
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted prevalence |
Unadjusted prevalence ratio* |
Adjusted prevalence ratio† |
Unadjusted prevalence |
Unadjusted prevalence ratio |
Adjusted prevalence ratio |
|||||||||||||||
| n | % | SE | P | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | n | % | SE | P | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |||||
| All | 21,766 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 1,598 | 45.0 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 8,547 | 2.8 | 0.4 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 508 | 44.0 | 4.1 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| Female | 13,219 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1,090 | 45.7 | 3.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 15,386 | 2.0 | 0.2 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 976 | 32.7 | 2.5 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,571 | 5.1 | 1.1 | <0.01 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 215 | 54.3 | 6.7 | <0.01 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 |
| Hispanic | 2,055 | 7.7 | 1.4 | <0.01 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 262 | 65.3 | 5.4 | <0.01 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.0 |
| Other | 1,475 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.24 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 128 | 39.3 | 9.2 | 0.49 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 18–44 | 1,853 | 4.0 | 0.8 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 216 | 42.1 | 5.9 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| 45–64 | 9,699 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 0.87 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 965 | 40.6 | 3.3 | 0.80 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| ≥65 | 10,106 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 0.11 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 411 | 60.8 | 5.5 | 0.02 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
| Education level | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 3,672 | 9.2 | 1.4 | <0.01 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 10.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 503 | 58.9 | 4.7 | 0.04 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.7 |
| High school | 7,453 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 569 | 34.8 | 3.7 | 0.38 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
| Some college | 5,660 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 0.10 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 353 | 36.8 | 5.0 | 0.57 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 |
| College graduate or higher | 4,940 | 1.5 | 0.4 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 168 | 41.8 | 7.1 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| Employment | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Employed | 6,769 | 1.5 | 0.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 229 | 56.1 | 6.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| Not employed‡ | 5,841 | 8.1 | 1.0 | <0.01 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 8.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1,045 | 41.1 | 3.5 | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Retired | 9,108 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.59 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 320 | 52.0 | 4.5 | 0.59 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 19,844 | 2.6 | 0.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1,342 | 39.3 | 2.9 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| No | 1,882 | 8.8 | 1.5 | <0.01 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 255 | 64.0 | 5.5 | <0.01 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| Type of diabetes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Type 1 | 713 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 0.84 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 74 | 37.4 | 12.4 | 0.84 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
| Type 2, no use of insulin | 3,358 | 4.6 | 1.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 313 | 40.4 | 7.8 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| Type 2, use of insulin | 11,534 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.16 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 697 | 47.0 | 4.1 | 0.45 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <5 | 5,464 | 3.0 | 0.5 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 391 | 46.1 | 5.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| 5–9 | 3,536 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.19 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 212 | 34.5 | 7.1 | 0.18 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| 10–14 | 2,461 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.97 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 164 | 45.3 | 13.1 | 0.96 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
| ≥15 | 4,106 | 4.4 | 0.9 | 0.20 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 315 | 46.7 | 6.3 | 0.94 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors§ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤1 | 4,952 | 1.4 | 0.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 171 | 42.8 | 6.9 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| 2 | 6,769 | 3.7 | 0.7 | <0.01 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 372 | 59.6 | 5.4 | 0.06 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
| 3 | 6,516 | 3.2 | 0.5 | <0.01 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 521 | 40.2 | 4.7 | 0.76 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
| ≥4 | 3,529 | 6.2 | 0.8 | <0.01 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 7.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 534 | 38.2 | 3.9 | 0.56 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 |
| Microvascular complications‖ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 11,722 | 2.6 | 0.4 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 591 | 49.8 | 4.9 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| 1 | 3,684 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 0.21 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 377 | 34.6 | 6.0 | 0.05 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| 2 | 674 | 8.7 | 2.0 | <0.01 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 144 | 46.2 | 6.9 | 0.68 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 |
| Macrovascular complications¶ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 15,677 | 2.5 | 0.3 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 923 | 43.1 | 3.2 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | ||||
| 1 | 3,723 | 6.3 | 1.3 | <0.01 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 389 | 51.3 | 6.2 | 0.24 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
| ≥2 | 2,360 | 4.7 | 0.7 | <0.01 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 284 | 41.3 | 4.8 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
*Unadjusted PR and 95% CI were estimated from univariate analyses.
†Adjusted PR and 95% CI were estimated from multiple-variable analyses adjusting for all variables listed.
‡People who were not employed include those out of work, homemakers, students, and those unable to work.
§Cardiovascular risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, current smoking, and no leisure-time physical activity.
‖Microvascular complications include foot ulcers and retinopathy.
¶Macrovascular complications include myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke. PR, prevalence ratio; Ref., referent.