Table 2.
Body weight, composition, muscle strength, cardiometabolic risk factors, and glycemic control before and after 16 weeks of either an energy-restricted standard carbohydrate, low-protein, low-fat diet alone (CON) or with resistance exercise training (CON+RT), or an isocaloric higher-protein, low-fat diet alone (HP) or with resistance exercise training (HP+RT)
| CON | HP | CON+RT | HP+RT |
P |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time effect* | Group effect† | Diet comparison‡ | Exercise comparison§ | |||||
| n | 16 | 12 | 17 | 14 | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 97.0 ± 10.6 | 102.7 ± 15.4 | 105.0 ± 15.3 | 107.6 ± 15.5 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.02 |
| Week 16 | 88.4 ± 11.2 | 93.7 ± 13.8 | 94.5 ± 15.4 | 93.8 ± 13.5 | ||||
| Change | −8.6 ± 4.6‖ | −9.0 ± 4.8‖ | −10.5 ± 5.1 | −13.8 ± 6.0 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 34.8 ± 4.9 | 35.6 ± 3.8 | 34.9 ± 4.9 | 36.6 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
| Week 16 | 31.7 ± 5.1 | 32.5 ± 3.1 | 31.4 ± 4.3 | 31.9 ± 4.3 | ||||
| Change | −3.1 ± 1.6 | −3.2 ± 1.7 | −3.5 ± 1.7 | −4.7 ± 2.1 | ||||
| Total body fat mass (kg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 38.5 ± 8.0 | 40.4 ± 8.4 | 40.4 ± 10.0 | 42.9 ± 11.6 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.06 | <0.01 |
| Week 16 | 32.1 ± 9.5 | 33.2 ± 6.9 | 32.3 ± 10.7 | 31.5 ± 11.6 | ||||
| Change | −6.5 ± 3.7¶ | −7.1 ± 4.0‖ | −8.1 ± 3.8 | −11.4 ± 3.9 | ||||
| WC (cm) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 111.3 ± 10.7 | 114.3 ± 6.8 | 113.7 ± 8.5 | 116.2 ± 12.7 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.19 | 0.48 |
| Week 16 | 103.2 ± 12.8 | 105.4 ± 6.7 | 102.4 ± 9.6 | 102.5 ± 11.8 | ||||
| Change | −8.2 ± 4.6¶ | −8.9 ± 3.9‖ | −11.3 ± 4.6 | −13.7 ± 4.6 | ||||
| Total FFM (kg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 58.5 ± 10.7 | 62.3 ± 13.0 | 64.6 ± 12.4 | 64.7 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.51 |
| Week 16 | 56.3 ± 10.6 | 60.4 ± 13.2 | 62.2 ± 12.0 | 62.3 ± 10.7 | ||||
| Change | −2.2 ± 1.9 | −1.9 ± 1.5 | −2.4 ± 2.5 | −2.4 ± 3.1 | ||||
| Single repetition bench press (kg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 60.0 ± 18.1 | 68.5 ± 27.4 | 67.1 ± 22.4 | 64.6 ± 25.5 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.78 | <0.001 |
| Week 16 | 58.1 ± 17.7 | 66.0 ± 25.1 | 76.2 ± 23.6 | 75.5 ± 28.9 | ||||
| Change | −1.9 ± 4.8# | −2.5 ± 8.0** | 9.1 ± 8.5 | 10.9 ± 8.2 | ||||
| Single repetition lat pull down (kg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 49.8 ± 15.1 | 56.7 ± 15.4 | 55.0 ± 14.8 | 55.7 ± 18.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
| Week 16 | 50.4 ± 14.9 | 57.2 ± 15.9 | 66.2 ± 17.4 | 65.0 ± 20.7 | ||||
| Change | 0.6 ± 4.9# | 0.6 ± 3.7¶ | 11.2 ± 6.0 | 9.3 ± 4.9 | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 137 ± 12 | 141 ± 11 | 137 ± 10 | 138 ± 9 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.943 |
| Week 16 | 124 ± 11 | 125 ± 11 | 122 ± 9 | 124 ± 9 | ||||
| Change | −13 ± 11 | −16 ± 13 | −16 ± 7 | −14 ± 9 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 79 ± 9 | 83 ± 9 | 81 ± 8 | 79 ± 8 | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.346 |
| Week 16 | 72 ± 6 | 74 ± 9 | 74 ± 6 | 72 ± 8 | ||||
| Change | −7 ± 6 | −10 ± 6 | −8 ± 5 | −7 ± 6 | ||||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 9.5 ± 2.9 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 8.2 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 0.90 | 0.79 | 0.483 |
| Week 16 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 1.5 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | ||||
| Change | −2.2 ± 2.2 | −2.5 ± 2.7 | −1.9 ± 2.3 | −1.9 ± 1.6 | ||||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.179 |
| Week 16 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Change | −1.1 ± 0.6 | −1.8 ± 1.6 | −1.1 ± 0.7 | −1.1 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Serum insulin (mU/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 15.8 ± 10.0 | 12.4 ± 8.6 | 12.3 ± 4.8 | 15.2 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.289 |
| Week 16 | 11.8 ± 10.2 | 9.0 ± 8.0 | 8.8 ± 3.4 | 7.2 ± 3.6 | ||||
| Change | −4.1 ± 4.2 | −3.5 ± 2.8 | −3.4 ± 4.0 | −7.9 ± 8.1 | ||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.626 |
| Week 16 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | ||||
| Change | −0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | −0.3 ± 0.5 | −0.5 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.54 | 0.628 |
| Week 16 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | ||||
| Change | −0.7 ± 0.6 | −0.6 ± 0.8 | −0.8 ± 0.9 | −0.7 ± 0.6 | ||||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.863 |
| Week 16 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Change | −0.0 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | ||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.208 |
| Week 16 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Change | −0.3 ± 0.5 | −0.2 ± 0.6 | −0.5 ± 0.6 | −0.3 ± 0.4 | ||||
| CRP (mgl/l) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 0.55 | >0.99 | 0.183 |
| Week 16 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 2.5 | ||||
| Change | −0.7 ± 1.5 | −0.9 ± 1.9 | −1.2 ± 1.9 | −1.0 ± 1.9 | ||||
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | ||||||||
| Week 0 | 119.7 ± 22.2 | 114.3 ± 46.9 | 116.6 ± 24.4 | 117.7 ± 24.9 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.46 |
| Week 16 | 113.1 ± 40.5 | 96.6 ± 32.1 | 108.7 ± 22.8 | 114.2 ± 15.8 | ||||
| Change | −6.6 ± 32.0 | −17.7 ± 37.6 | −7.9 ± 22.6 | −5.5 ± 16.4 | ||||
Data are means ± SD.
*Changes over time in the groups from weeks 0 to 16 (repeated-measures ANOVA).
†Treatment effect between groups for the change from weeks 0 to 16 (one-way ANOVA).
‡Comparison of the magnitude of change between diets (CON and CON+RT vs. HP and HP+RT) (planned contrast).
§Comparison of the magnitude of change between exercise and nonexercise treatments (CON and HP vs. CON+RT and HP+RT) (planned contrast).
‖P ≤ 0.05;
¶P < 0.01;
#P < 0.001 significantly different from HP+RT.