FIG. 3.

(A) Distribution of CD8⁺ T cell subsets as defined by total naive (striped pattern) or memory (clear pattern) cells in a group of antiretroviral-naive children (N = 40), ART experienced with undetectable viral load (N = 20), or healthy HIV-negative children (N = 25). Horizontal lines represent medians and interquartile ranges (25th and 75th percentiles). Immune activation in CD8 T cell subsets was defined as the percentage of total naive (B) or memory (C) CD8⁺ T cells expressing HLA-DR and CD38. Significant differences were observed in immune activation of the memory CD8⁺ T cell subpopulation between HIV-positive and HIV-negative children (p < 0.001).