Table 2.
Characteristics of the Twenty Cases Who Had Standardized Memory and/or Language Tests
| Case No. |
Diagnosis (years to test)a |
Aphasia Subtype |
Verbal Memory |
Nonverbal Memory |
Object Naming |
Lexical Fluency |
Category Fluency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | AD (4) | Logopenic | 0.5 (WST-W) | 0.5 (WST-S) | ND | ND | ND |
| 4 | AD (2) | Semantic | −3.8 | ND | −7.5 | −2.7 | −2.9 |
| 5 | AD (3) | Logopenic | −3.5 | −2.3 | −10.5 | −2.2 | −4.1 |
| 6 | AD (2) | Logopenic | −0.7 | −1.1 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −2.4 |
| 7 | AD (6) | Mixed | −2.3 | −3.7 | −19.4 | −2.4 | −2.4 |
| 8 | AD (2) | Logopenic | −3.2 | −1.6 | −4.2 | ND | −1.9 |
| 9 | AD (5) | Logopenic | 0.97 (Rey AVLT) |
ND | −2.8 | −0.9 | −0.9 |
| 10 | AD (4) | Logopenic | ND | −3.2 | −18.9 | ND | ND |
| 11 | AD (2) | Logopenic | −2.9 | ND | −5.4 | −2.9 | −2.8 |
| 12 | FTLD-U (4) | Logopenic | −1.6 | 0.3 | −15.5 | −2.9 | −1.8 |
| 13 | FTLD-U (2) | Agrammatic | −0.5 | −0.3 | −1.5 | −3.0 | −1.6 |
| 14 | FTLD-U (2) | Logopenic | −1.2 | −0.1 | −9 | −2.2 | −2.4 |
| 15 | FTLD-U (2) | Mixed | −3.5 (WRMT- W) |
−3.4 (WRMT-F) | −7.3 | ND | ND |
| 16 | FTLD-U (4) | Logopenic | 1.8 (WMS-R) | ND | −7.6 | −1.6 | −1.7 |
| 17 | FTLD-T (6) | Agrammatic | 1.0 (Rey AVLT) |
ND | 0.5 | −1.8 | −0.4 |
| 19 | FTLD-T (4) | Agrammatic | −0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −1.5 | 1.5 |
| 20 | FTLD-T (4) | Agrammatic | 0.6 | −1.8 | −0.6 (BDAE) |
ND | −2.0 |
| 21 | FTLD-T (7) | Mixed | −3.5 | ND | −7.0 | ND | −3.8 |
| 22 | FTLD-T (2) | Agrammatic | 0.5 (WST-W) | 0.5 (WST-S) | 0.7 | ND | −0.5 |
| 23 | FTLD-T (4) | Agrammatic | −1.2 | −0.7 | −14.9 | −2.4 | −3.0 |
All performance data are given as Z-scores (a Z-score of 1 indicates performance 1 standard deviation [SD] better than average and a Z-score of −1 indicates performance 1 SD below average). Unless indicated otherwise, verbal memory was tested by the delayed Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) word list recall,47 nonverbal memory by the delayed Visual Reproduction Subtest of a version of the Wechsler Memory Scale,48 Object Naming by the Boston Naming Test,49 Lexical Fluency by the FAS test,50 and category fluency by the generation of animal names.47 Other tests that were used in individual cases include Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE)51; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Rey AVLT), 30-minute delayed recall condition52; Logical memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), 30-minute delayed recall; Warrington Recognition Memory Test for Faces (WRMT-F)53; Warrington Recognition Memory Test for Words (WRMT-W)53; the 3-word/3-shape test for shapes (WST-S), 30-minute delay condition54; the 3-word/3-shape test for words (WST-W), 30-minute delayed-recall condition.54
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of years elapsed between symptom onset and the date of the examination corresponding to the listed scores. A number 2, for example, indicates that 2 years had elapsed since symptom onset and that the testing was done in the third year of disease.
AD = Alzheimer’s disease; ND = test not done; FTLD-U = frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquinated inclusions; FTLD-T = frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau-positive inclusions.