Figure 3. Effects of various drugs or combinations thereof on TRPV1-HEK-293 cell surface topology as observed with digital holographic (DH) quantitative phase microscopy.

Bars indicate the mean elapsed time (sec) from the addition of drugs required to observe the first apparent membrane extrusions, with 1500 s as maximum observed elapsed time. (A) Effect of anandamide (AEA, 1 µM), per se or with the selective TRPV1 antagonist BCTC (0.1 µM), or in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺ in the medium; of capsaicin (CPS, 0.5 µM) per se or with the selective TRPV1 antagonist N-(4-Tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine -1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC, 0.1. µM), or in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺ in the medium; the calcium ionophore, ionomycin (4 µM), with or without extracellular Ca²⁺ in the medium; and the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin (Thaps, 1 µM). The lack of effect up to 1500 s of AEA and CPS in wild-type (WT) HEK-293 cells is also shown. (B) Effect of AEA (1 µM), per se or in the presence of the AEA uptake inhibitor OMDM1 (5 µM), or of fetal bovine serum (10%) in the medium; of PCL-NP-AEA (1 µM), per se or in the presence of the AEA uptake inhibitor OMDM1 (5 µM), or of fetal bovine serum (10%) in the medium; of capsaicin (CPS, 0.5 µM) per se or in the presence of the AEA uptake inhibitor OMDM1 (5 µM), or of fetal bovine serum (10%) in the medium. Each bar indicates means ± sem of 3 independent experiments. In (B) the effect of OMDM1 plus AEA on mean elapsed time was significantly different (P<0.01) from that of AEA alone. See also Videos S2 and S4.