Table 1.

Tumor characteristics of three different inoculation approaches

	Group A	Group B	Group C
Technical feature	Laparotomic orthotopic tumor cell injection into the gastric submucosa	Laparotomic orthotopic tumor tissue inoculation beneath the gastric antrum	Percutaneous tumor cell injection into the peritoneum
Success rate	100% (12/12)	91.7% (11/12)	58.3% (7/12)
Major pathological events	Rapid tumor progression resulting in respiratory distress syndrome, diffused peritonitis due to perforation of gastric tumor, intestinal obstruction, renal failure	Rapid tumor progression resulting in intestinal obstruction, renal failure	Rapid tumor progression resulting in intestinal adhesion an obstruction, renal failure
Gross pathology	Ulcerative gastric cancer with PC, ascites	Ulcerative gastric cancer with PC, ascites	PC without gastric ulcer, ascites
Histopathology	Penetrating growth of cancer cell nests invading surrounding structures, tumor necrosis in the central zone of the tumor mass
Advantages	Most resemble clinical gastric cancer with PC	Technically less difficult	Technically easy
Disadvantages	Technically difficult	Not exactly mimic gastric cancer with PC	Mistaken injection into the intestines