Fig. 3.

Idealized informational pathway showing how many genes can have an impact on a transcriptional (and phenotypic output). The membrane receptor and its ligand must respect some balance to prevent outright receptor saturation or insufficient stimulation. The receptor, upon binding its ligand, is able to activate the trimeric kinase (which can undergo the very same dosage effects outlined in Figs 1 and 2). This kinase is counteracted by a phosphatase and they must respect some stoichiometric balance as proposed (Veitia, 2004). Their action leads to some degree of phosphorylation of kinase K which in turns activates a transcription factor that will promote transcription of gene X, which is under the combined control of other transcription factors, responding to the same or different transduction cascades.