Figure 3. Estimated conditional dependence of sign densities on landscape covariates.

Estimated conditional dependence of Elephant dung density (left column), Gorilla nest density (middle column), and Chimpanzee nest density (right column) on distance to the NNNP boundary (first row), distance to roads (second row), distance to settlements (third row), logging history (fourth row), distance to bais (fifth row), and density of yangas (sixth row). Estimates (solid lines) and confidence intervals (dashed lines), with a rug plot indicating the covariate values of observations (short vertical bars along each x-axis), are shown are shown. Y-axis scale can vary between species for a particular covariate.