Table 1. Population characteristics at baseline (n = 693).
| Characteristic | NGT (n = 440) | Type 2 Diabetes (n = 253) | p value |
| Age, yrs | 74±6 | 76±7 | 0.203 |
| Gender (M/F) | |||
| Education, yrs | 5.7±3.8 | 6.3±3.3 | 0.649 |
| Hypertension (%) | 310 (71%) | 201 (79%) | 0.129 |
| IMT, mm | 0.65±0.2 | 0.73±0.1* | 0.004 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 145±19 | 155±21 | 0.020 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 88±9 | 92±11 | 0.105 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3±3.7 | 27.2±3.3* | 0.033 |
| WC (cm) | 89.7±11.1 | 91.1±9.6* | 0.046 |
| WHR | 0.89±0.07 | 0.91±0.08* | 0.050 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.1±0.2 | 5.2±0.4 | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.42±0.39 | 1.28±0.10 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.80±0.24 | 3.11±0.31 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.37±0.83 | 1.95±0.38 | <0.001 |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 25.7±6.8 | 26.0±8.6 | 0.110 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 4.8±0.4 | 9.0±0.4 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6±0.3 | ||
| IL-6 (pmol/l) | 2.2±2.1 | 2.6±2.9 | 0.006 |
| MMSE | 26.1±2.5 | 25.3±2.2 | 0.823 |
| TMT-A, sec | 63±46 | 60±39 | 0.794 |
| TMT-B, sec | 163±71 | 158±93 | 0.718 |
| DIFFBA, sec | 98±68 | 102±53 | 0.626 |
| VF | 26.4±4.2 | 25.9±4.8 | 0.688 |
| DSP-forward | 6.8±1.1 | 6.6±1.0 | 0.721 |
| DSP-backward | 5.1±0.7 | 4.9±0.8 | 0.783 |
| Depression score | 12.8±2.3 | 13.9±3.6 | 0.075 |
| Duration of diabetes, y | 9.8±5.9 | ||
| Antidiabetic oral agents (%) | 78% | ||
| Diet only (%) | 22% |
Note: BMI = body mass index; WC = Waist circumference; WHR = waist-hip-ratio; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure.
TMT = Trail Making Test; DIFF = Difference; DSP = Digit Span; VF = Verbal fluency.
*p<0.05.