Table 2.
Associations Between Maternal-Newborn Characteristics and Testing Maternal-Newborn Pairs for Illicit Drug Use
| Characteristic | Number (%) tested for illicit drugs 244 (2.9) | Odds ratio (confidence interval) | Adjusted odds ratio (confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 30.7 (6.6) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Nonblack | 124 (2.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 111 (3.9) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/domestic partner | 55 (1.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Single | 175 (3.8) | 2.5 (1.9–3.4) | 2.1 (1.4–3.1) |
| Divorce/separated | 4 (1.9) | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.9) |
| Level of education | |||
| More than high school | 67 (2.0) | Reference | Reference |
| High school diploma | 77 (2.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) |
| Less than high school | 93 (5.3) | 2.8 (2.0–3.9) | 2.4 (1.6–3.5) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 79 (1.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 165 (3.9) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) |
| Payer for admission | |||
| Commercial insurance | 124 (2.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Medicaid | 100 (5.4) | 2.7 (2.1–3.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7) |
| Self-pay | 19 (3.4) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 1.8 (1.0–3.1) |
| Proportion in poverty (neighborhood) | |||
| Wealthiest quartile | 43 (2.0) | Reference | — |
| Second wealthiest quartile | 56 (2.6) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | |
| Third wealthiest quartile | 56 (2.7) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | |
| Poorest quartile | 87 (4.1) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | |
| Number of hospitalizations during pregnancy | |||
| 1 | 191 (2.4) | Reference | Reference |
| More than 1 | 53 (9.7) | 4.3 (3.1–6.0) | 4.1 (2.8–5.9) |
| Prenatal care | |||
| Prenatal testing | |||
| No | 70 (3.2) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 174 (2.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) |
| Number of prenatal visits | |||
| >5 | 208 (2.6) | Reference | Reference |
| 0–5 | 36 (6.9) | 2.8 (1.9–4.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) |
| Trimester of prenatal care | |||
| First | 225 (2.9) | Reference | — |
| Second–third | 19 (2.5) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | |||
| No | 187 (2.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 57 (14.8) | 5.9 (4.5–7.8) | 3.9 (2.8–5.5) |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 231 (2.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 13 (17.1) | 7.3 (4.0–13.5) | 3.2 (1.5–7.0) |
| Obstetrical diagnoses | |||
| Third-trimester bleeding | |||
| No | 237 (2.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 7 (30.4) | 15.2 (6.2–37.3) | 8.3 (2.3–30.0) |
| Eclampsia or convulsions | |||
| No | 240 (2.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 4 (18.2) | 7.6 (2.6–22.7) | 6.1 (1.5–25.1) |
| Abrupted placenta | |||
| No | 224 (2.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 20 (44.4) | 29.4 (16.1–53.6) | 20.9 (9.3–47.0) |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | |||
| No | 241 (2.9) | Reference | — |
| Yes | 3 (6.3) | 2.3 (0.7–7.4) | |
| Preterm labor | |||
| No | 196 (2.4) | Reference | — |
| Yes | 48 (10.0) | 4.4 (3.3–6.2) | |
| Placenta previa | |||
| No | 235 (2.8) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 9 (20.0) | 8.7 (4.2–18.3) | 6.1 (2.7–17.7) |
a
Data for age presented as mean years (standard deviation).